Muhammad
Muhammad (; ; 570 – 8 June 632 CE), gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the Muslim conquest of Palestine.}} was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam., writing for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: "The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (''rasūl Allāh''), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind."}} According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis for Islamic religious belief.Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
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4843by محمد حكمت شاكرOther Authors: “...Muhammad, Hikmat Shakir...”
Published 1998
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4844
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4845by أمين، محمد روحOther Authors: “...Amin, Muhammad Ruh...”
Published 2016
Click here to view 1st 24 pages of the thesis. Members can view fulltext at the specified PCs in the library.
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4846Other Authors: “...Ibn al-Jazari, Muhammad ibn Muhammad, 1350-1429...”
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4847
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4848by محمد، حسين أبو عاص حاجOther Authors: “...Muhammad, Husayn Abu al-'As Hajj...”
Published 1980
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4849by Nik Roskiman Abdul SamadOther Authors: “...Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad, 1058-1111...”
Published 2000
Click here to view 1st 24 pages of the thesis. Members can view fulltext at the specified PCs in the library.
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4850by عمراني، محمد بن محمد بن أحمد بن قاسمOther Authors: “...'Imrani, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Qasim...”
Published 2006
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4851
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4852by با بكر، أحمد بابكر محمدOther Authors: “...Babikir, Ahmad Babikir Muhammad...”
Published 1990
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4853by كتاني، محمد الحسن بن محمد علي الشريفOther Authors: “...Kattani, Muhammad al-Hassan ibn Muhammad 'Ali al-Sharif...”
Published 1999
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4854by سالم، محمد بن محمد البشير بن الحاجOther Authors: “...Salim, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Bashir ibn al-Hajj...”
Published 2000
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4855
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4856
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4857by عواودة، محمد حسين حمدOther Authors: “...'Awawidah, Muhammad Husayn Hamad...”
Published 2007
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4858
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4859by أحمد، قناوى محمد قناوىOther Authors: “...Ahmad, Qanawi Muhammad Qanawi...”
Published 1986
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4860