Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius

Biodiesel derived palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has successfully been produced to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. Sulfonated iron oxide (Fe2O3) catalyst synthesized via self-propagating combustion method was found to render high free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of > 90%, indicating acid...

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Main Author:	Matius, Michelle
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	Palm oil
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/59735/1/59735.pdf
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spelling	my-uitm-ir.597352022-05-17T07:10:56Z Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius 2021-02 Matius, Michelle Palm oil Biodiesel derived palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has successfully been produced to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. Sulfonated iron oxide (Fe2O3) catalyst synthesized via self-propagating combustion method was found to render high free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of > 90%, indicating acidic sites play a key role during the esterification of the PFAD feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the sulfonated Fe2O3 catalysts were investigated using various characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3). Based on the results, the acidity of sulfonated Fe2O3 catalyst was proven increased after the sulfonation treatment. One-Variable-At-Time (OVAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed to determine the optimum reaction condition with maximum FFA conversion. By OVAT method, the reaction conditions were roughly estimated, resulting in 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4 wt.% of catalyst loading, 80 ℃ of reaction temperature and 300 min of reaction time with 95.5% of FFA conversion and 92.5% of FAME yield. Next, the RSM with central composite design (CCD) was used to further optimize the reaction conditions, resulting in 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4.9 wt.% of catalyst loading, 95 ℃ of reaction temperature and 183 min of reaction time were obtained with 97.3% of FFA conversion and 94.1% of FAME yield. The reusability of the catalyst was tested and found that it could be reused up to six consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance. The fuel properties of PFAD biodiesel and their blends satisfied the standard biodiesel standard ASTM D6751. In conclusion, the sulfonated Fe2O3 showed outstanding performance as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA based feedstock. 2021-02 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/59735/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/59735/1/59735.pdf text en public masters Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Applied Sciences Mastuli, Mohd Sufri (Dr.) Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman (Dr.)
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Mastuli, Mohd Sufri (Dr.) Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman (Dr.)
topic	Palm oil
spellingShingle	Palm oil Matius, Michelle Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
description	Biodiesel derived palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) has successfully been produced to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel. Sulfonated iron oxide (Fe2O3) catalyst synthesized via self-propagating combustion method was found to render high free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of > 90%, indicating acidic sites play a key role during the esterification of the PFAD feedstock. The physicochemical properties of the sulfonated Fe2O3 catalysts were investigated using various characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3). Based on the results, the acidity of sulfonated Fe2O3 catalyst was proven increased after the sulfonation treatment. One-Variable-At-Time (OVAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed to determine the optimum reaction condition with maximum FFA conversion. By OVAT method, the reaction conditions were roughly estimated, resulting in 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4 wt.% of catalyst loading, 80 ℃ of reaction temperature and 300 min of reaction time with 95.5% of FFA conversion and 92.5% of FAME yield. Next, the RSM with central composite design (CCD) was used to further optimize the reaction conditions, resulting in 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4.9 wt.% of catalyst loading, 95 ℃ of reaction temperature and 183 min of reaction time were obtained with 97.3% of FFA conversion and 94.1% of FAME yield. The reusability of the catalyst was tested and found that it could be reused up to six consecutive cycles with an acceptable esterification performance. The fuel properties of PFAD biodiesel and their blends satisfied the standard biodiesel standard ASTM D6751. In conclusion, the sulfonated Fe2O3 showed outstanding performance as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA based feedstock.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Matius, Michelle
author_facet	Matius, Michelle
author_sort	Matius, Michelle
title	Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
title_short	Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
title_full	Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
title_fullStr	Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius
title_sort	optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / michelle matius
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
granting_department	Faculty of Applied Sciences
publishDate	2021
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/59735/1/59735.pdf
_version_	1783735051213602816

Optimization study of sulfonated iron oxide catalyst for biodiesel production from low-cost palm fatty acid distillate feedstock / Michelle Matius

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