Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim

Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim

Bio-oil produce from untreated biomass through pyrolysis consists of undesirable oxygenated chemical compounds that contribute to the low quality of products. Introduction of sequential pre-treatment on biomass prior to pyrolysis shows a promising technique to enhance aromatic hydrocarbon in the...

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Main Author: Kasim, Nur Nasulhah
Format: Thesis
Language:English
Published: 2021
Subjects:
Special processes and operations
Online Access:https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61113/1/61113.pdf
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id my-uitm-ir.61113
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection UiTM Institutional Repository
language English
advisor Ismail, Khudzir (Professor Dr.)
topic Special processes and operations
spellingShingle Special processes and operations
Kasim, Nur Nasulhah
Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
description Bio-oil produce from untreated biomass through pyrolysis consists of undesirable oxygenated chemical compounds that contribute to the low quality of products. Introduction of sequential pre-treatment on biomass prior to pyrolysis shows a promising technique to enhance aromatic hydrocarbon in the bio-oil as an essential precursor for the synthesis of additive fuel, plastisizer and formation of polymeric compounds. In this study, the sequential pre-treatments of demineralization and torrefaction palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) successfully carried out using a fixed-bed reactor in inert nitrogen gas at ambient pressure. The optimization on the pyrolysis process conditions was done using response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) due to it was employed for the quadratic model that can estimate the individual second-order effect. Then, ANOVA was used to analyse the statistical parameters with the aid of RSM. HZSM-5 catalyst was used as a catalytic cracking catalyst during catalytic pyrolysis and reaction mechanism between HZSM-5 and torrefied demineralized palm empty fruit bunch (TDPEFB) was proposed based on the chemical compounds obtained in the bio-oil yield. Initially, demineralization was performed on PEFB by sonicating 1% nitric acid for 10 min to reduce the alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM). Torrefaction on the demineralized PEFB (DPEFB) was carried out to eliminate the undesirable components such as carboxyl, moisture and oxygen content using a fixed-bed reactor in inert nitrogen gas at 240 °C for 30 min. The sequential pre-treatment of TDPEFB at 240 °C showed the positive results with increased in carbon content to 49.34%, decreased in oxygen content at 44.78% and acceptable in ash content of 1.87% as compared to untreated PEFB with the amount of 44.97%, 47.25% and 4.21%, respectively. This verifies that the sequential pre-treatment enhance the characteristic of TDPEFB 240 prior to pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Pyrolysis on TDPEFB 240 at optimum conditions with reaction temperature of 490 °C (±15 °C) with heating rate of 85 °C·min−1 for 4.16 min showed a slight increase in bio-oil yield up to 59.53% in comparison to 56.83% obtained from untreated PEFB. This observation explained that by the removal of AAEM through demineralization and reducing oxygen content through torrefaction in TDPEFB promotes the primary reactions that increase the bio-oil yield. It seemed that demineralization and torrefaction pre-treatment contribute to enhancement the quality of bio-oil yield by retarding secondary reaction and eliminating oxygen content through dehydration, dehydroxylation, decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions. Further, the optimal conditions on catalytic pyrolysis of TDPEFB 240 for the maximum bio-oil yield of 59.20% were obtained at reaction temperature of 537 ℃ (±15 °C), holding time of 4.55 min and catalyst loading of 10%. Based on the GC-MS analysis, sequential pretreatment of TDPEFB 240 on catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst increased the formation of phenolic compounds (44.27%) and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (9.35%), whereas reduction in organic acids and oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil were observed. From these results, catalytic pyrolysis of TDPEFB 240 revealed that there is significant effect on the sequential pre-treatment and HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst during the catalytic pyrolysis process. It can be described through possible proposed reaction mechanism of cracking catalyst with TDPEFB 240 that involve hydrocarbon pool and phenolic pool mechanisms towards the formation of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds based on the result from GC-MS analysis of bio-oil.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Kasim, Nur Nasulhah
author_facet Kasim, Nur Nasulhah
author_sort Kasim, Nur Nasulhah
title Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
title_short Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
title_full Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
title_fullStr Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
title_full_unstemmed Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim
title_sort enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (pefb) / nur nasulhah kasim
granting_institution Universiti Teknologi MARA
granting_department Faculty of Applied Sciences
publishDate 2021
url https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61113/1/61113.pdf
_version_ 1783735214988591104
spelling my-uitm-ir.611132022-06-08T02:37:12Z Enhancing aromatic hydrocarbon through catalytic pyrolysis on sequential pre-treatment of palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) / Nur Nasulhah Kasim 2021-04 Kasim, Nur Nasulhah Special processes and operations Bio-oil produce from untreated biomass through pyrolysis consists of undesirable oxygenated chemical compounds that contribute to the low quality of products. Introduction of sequential pre-treatment on biomass prior to pyrolysis shows a promising technique to enhance aromatic hydrocarbon in the bio-oil as an essential precursor for the synthesis of additive fuel, plastisizer and formation of polymeric compounds. In this study, the sequential pre-treatments of demineralization and torrefaction palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) successfully carried out using a fixed-bed reactor in inert nitrogen gas at ambient pressure. The optimization on the pyrolysis process conditions was done using response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) due to it was employed for the quadratic model that can estimate the individual second-order effect. Then, ANOVA was used to analyse the statistical parameters with the aid of RSM. HZSM-5 catalyst was used as a catalytic cracking catalyst during catalytic pyrolysis and reaction mechanism between HZSM-5 and torrefied demineralized palm empty fruit bunch (TDPEFB) was proposed based on the chemical compounds obtained in the bio-oil yield. Initially, demineralization was performed on PEFB by sonicating 1% nitric acid for 10 min to reduce the alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM). Torrefaction on the demineralized PEFB (DPEFB) was carried out to eliminate the undesirable components such as carboxyl, moisture and oxygen content using a fixed-bed reactor in inert nitrogen gas at 240 °C for 30 min. The sequential pre-treatment of TDPEFB at 240 °C showed the positive results with increased in carbon content to 49.34%, decreased in oxygen content at 44.78% and acceptable in ash content of 1.87% as compared to untreated PEFB with the amount of 44.97%, 47.25% and 4.21%, respectively. This verifies that the sequential pre-treatment enhance the characteristic of TDPEFB 240 prior to pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Pyrolysis on TDPEFB 240 at optimum conditions with reaction temperature of 490 °C (±15 °C) with heating rate of 85 °C·min−1 for 4.16 min showed a slight increase in bio-oil yield up to 59.53% in comparison to 56.83% obtained from untreated PEFB. This observation explained that by the removal of AAEM through demineralization and reducing oxygen content through torrefaction in TDPEFB promotes the primary reactions that increase the bio-oil yield. It seemed that demineralization and torrefaction pre-treatment contribute to enhancement the quality of bio-oil yield by retarding secondary reaction and eliminating oxygen content through dehydration, dehydroxylation, decarbonylation and decarboxylation reactions. Further, the optimal conditions on catalytic pyrolysis of TDPEFB 240 for the maximum bio-oil yield of 59.20% were obtained at reaction temperature of 537 ℃ (±15 °C), holding time of 4.55 min and catalyst loading of 10%. Based on the GC-MS analysis, sequential pretreatment of TDPEFB 240 on catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst increased the formation of phenolic compounds (44.27%) and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (9.35%), whereas reduction in organic acids and oxygenated compounds in the bio-oil were observed. From these results, catalytic pyrolysis of TDPEFB 240 revealed that there is significant effect on the sequential pre-treatment and HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst during the catalytic pyrolysis process. It can be described through possible proposed reaction mechanism of cracking catalyst with TDPEFB 240 that involve hydrocarbon pool and phenolic pool mechanisms towards the formation of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds based on the result from GC-MS analysis of bio-oil. 2021-04 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61113/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61113/1/61113.pdf text en public phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Applied Sciences Ismail, Khudzir (Professor Dr.)

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