The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak

Throwing ball velocity is one of the important indicators that determines the softball performance. However, most of the training on throwing only focused on the major muscles and neglected the supporting muscles such as hand grip and trunk rotation muscles that may also help in improving the throwi...

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Main Author:	Ab Razak, Rozella
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Human physiology
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61928/1/61928.PDF
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id	my-uitm-ir.61928
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-uitm-ir.619282024-03-19T01:02:21Z The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak 2019-02 Ab Razak, Rozella Human physiology Throwing ball velocity is one of the important indicators that determines the softball performance. However, most of the training on throwing only focused on the major muscles and neglected the supporting muscles such as hand grip and trunk rotation muscles that may also help in improving the throwing ball velocity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the effect of handgrip strength training (HG), trunk rotation strength training (TR) and the combination of both strength training (CB) towards the throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players. This study was divided into two phases. Phase One of the study was conducted to identify the muscles involved in hand grip during the throwing process using Electromyography (EMG) test to capture the muscles activity. The EMG test revealed the six most active muscles in the throwing process were the Extensor Digitorum (ED),Flexor Digitorum (FD), Abductor Pollicis longus (FPL), Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB),Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB), and Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB). These muscles were used in developing the training program for hand grip exercises that were employed in the Phase Two of the study. Seventy-two female collegiate softball players were equally assigned into four training groups which were hand grip strength (HG), trunk rotation strength (TR), combination group (CB), and control group (CG). Each group trained three days per week for six weeks. Throwing ball velocity, hand grip strength and trunk rotation strength were assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the six weeks training program. Paired sample t-test was used to assess the strength and velocity difference of pretest and posttest in each group. Meanwhile, one-way between groups analysis of variance was conducted to compare the mean gained score (mean difference) between each group. All groups were significantly increased in the throwing ball velocity in posttest (p<.05). The HG group increased by 1.45 m/s, TR by 1.62 m/s, CB by 2.08 m/s and CG increased by 0.93 m/s. The post-hoc test indicated that all training groups were significantly different compared to each other except between HG and TR group. Although both HG and TR groups also improved in the throwing ball velocity, the increment of ball velocity in the combination strength training (CB) group was more superior compared to others strength training approach(HG, TR & CG). These findings demonstrated that throwing ball velocity can be efficiently increased by combining both type of trainings (HG & TR). This is probably due to more muscle group's involvement in the CB training group, which has led to an effective submission of force during the throwing execution. 2019-02 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61928/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61928/1/61928.PDF text en public masters Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation Mea, Kee Kang (Dr.)
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Mea, Kee Kang (Dr.)
topic	Human physiology
spellingShingle	Human physiology Ab Razak, Rozella The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
description	Throwing ball velocity is one of the important indicators that determines the softball performance. However, most of the training on throwing only focused on the major muscles and neglected the supporting muscles such as hand grip and trunk rotation muscles that may also help in improving the throwing ball velocity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the effect of handgrip strength training (HG), trunk rotation strength training (TR) and the combination of both strength training (CB) towards the throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players. This study was divided into two phases. Phase One of the study was conducted to identify the muscles involved in hand grip during the throwing process using Electromyography (EMG) test to capture the muscles activity. The EMG test revealed the six most active muscles in the throwing process were the Extensor Digitorum (ED),Flexor Digitorum (FD), Abductor Pollicis longus (FPL), Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB),Abductor Pollicis Brevis (APB), and Flexor Pollicis Brevis (FPB). These muscles were used in developing the training program for hand grip exercises that were employed in the Phase Two of the study. Seventy-two female collegiate softball players were equally assigned into four training groups which were hand grip strength (HG), trunk rotation strength (TR), combination group (CB), and control group (CG). Each group trained three days per week for six weeks. Throwing ball velocity, hand grip strength and trunk rotation strength were assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the six weeks training program. Paired sample t-test was used to assess the strength and velocity difference of pretest and posttest in each group. Meanwhile, one-way between groups analysis of variance was conducted to compare the mean gained score (mean difference) between each group. All groups were significantly increased in the throwing ball velocity in posttest (p<.05). The HG group increased by 1.45 m/s, TR by 1.62 m/s, CB by 2.08 m/s and CG increased by 0.93 m/s. The post-hoc test indicated that all training groups were significantly different compared to each other except between HG and TR group. Although both HG and TR groups also improved in the throwing ball velocity, the increment of ball velocity in the combination strength training (CB) group was more superior compared to others strength training approach(HG, TR & CG). These findings demonstrated that throwing ball velocity can be efficiently increased by combining both type of trainings (HG & TR). This is probably due to more muscle group's involvement in the CB training group, which has led to an effective submission of force during the throwing execution.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ab Razak, Rozella
author_facet	Ab Razak, Rozella
author_sort	Ab Razak, Rozella
title	The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
title_short	The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
title_full	The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
title_fullStr	The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
title_full_unstemmed	The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak
title_sort	effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / rozella ab razak
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
granting_department	Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation
publishDate	2019
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/61928/1/61928.PDF
_version_	1794191836176187392

The effect of hand grip and trunk rotation strength training on throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players / Rozella Ab Razak

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