Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman

Medicinal herb from Acanthacea family known as Clinacanthus nutans Lindau or C. nutans is a popular shrub in the Asia regions due to its high content of polyphenols. Numerous studies of conventional extractions have been used to extract biological activities compounds in C. nutans, however, the meth...

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Main Author:	Othman, Siti Nur Shazana
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	Medical botany (General) Extraction
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72946/1/72946.pdf
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id	my-uitm-ir.72946
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spelling	my-uitm-ir.729462023-02-01T13:54:36Z Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman 2022 Othman, Siti Nur Shazana Medical botany (General) Extraction Medicinal herb from Acanthacea family known as Clinacanthus nutans Lindau or C. nutans is a popular shrub in the Asia regions due to its high content of polyphenols. Numerous studies of conventional extractions have been used to extract biological activities compounds in C. nutans, however, the methods are usually associated with several contras such as use of high volume of organic solvent, low yield of extraction and time-consuming. In this study, extraction of C. nutans used vacuum solvent-free microwave extraction (V-SFME) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) which was carried out in vacuum and ambient pressure were evaluated in terms of total phenol content (TPC) and extracted phytocompounds. Effect of process parameters on the extraction of C. nutans i.e., absorbed power density (APD) in both V-SFME and SFME methods at different microwave exposure time were studied. Results demonstrated that the highest value of TPC of 24.08 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g DW is acquired via V-SFME technique with 0.073 W/ml of APD, 6 ml/g of S/F ratio and 5 min. Kinetic modelling for polyphenols was carried out using Patricelli’s model and kinetic curves for V-SFME, SFME, and normal infusion. V-SFME showed higher extraction yield of 27.0 mg GAE/g DW in faster extraction rate of 0.15 mg/g/min compared to SFME with extraction yield of 13.0 mg GAE/g DW in 0.08 mg/g/min of extraction rate. Normal infusion showed lower extraction yield in slower rate of extraction (10.1 mg GAE/g DW, 0.06 mg/g/min, respectively) due to only normal heating of 40 ℃ in warm water bath. The effect of APD in the V-SFME technique was found significant (p < 0.05) on the TPC and it was found not significantly changed over the microwave exposure time. The GC-MS analysis revealed that 2,3-dihydro benzofuran compounds, from the class of coumaran, presents as the major phytocompounds in C. nutans extracts obtained by V-SFME and SFME. Gallic acid, iso-orientin and vitexin was quantified by HPLC analysis and it was revealed that vitexin (334.84 μg/g) appeared as the highest phenolic acid found in C. nutans extracts. C. nutans extracts therefore found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds and V-SFME showed high efficiency to recover such compounds under optimum APD, shorter microwave exposure time, and at the same time preserve the polyphenols content at low temperature. 2022 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72946/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72946/1/72946.pdf text en public masters Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) College of Engineering Mustapa, Ana Najwa Ku Hamid, Ku Halim
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Mustapa, Ana Najwa Ku Hamid, Ku Halim
topic	Medical botany (General) Extraction
spellingShingle	Medical botany (General) Extraction Othman, Siti Nur Shazana Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
description	Medicinal herb from Acanthacea family known as Clinacanthus nutans Lindau or C. nutans is a popular shrub in the Asia regions due to its high content of polyphenols. Numerous studies of conventional extractions have been used to extract biological activities compounds in C. nutans, however, the methods are usually associated with several contras such as use of high volume of organic solvent, low yield of extraction and time-consuming. In this study, extraction of C. nutans used vacuum solvent-free microwave extraction (V-SFME) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) which was carried out in vacuum and ambient pressure were evaluated in terms of total phenol content (TPC) and extracted phytocompounds. Effect of process parameters on the extraction of C. nutans i.e., absorbed power density (APD) in both V-SFME and SFME methods at different microwave exposure time were studied. Results demonstrated that the highest value of TPC of 24.08 ± 0.51 mg GAE/g DW is acquired via V-SFME technique with 0.073 W/ml of APD, 6 ml/g of S/F ratio and 5 min. Kinetic modelling for polyphenols was carried out using Patricelli’s model and kinetic curves for V-SFME, SFME, and normal infusion. V-SFME showed higher extraction yield of 27.0 mg GAE/g DW in faster extraction rate of 0.15 mg/g/min compared to SFME with extraction yield of 13.0 mg GAE/g DW in 0.08 mg/g/min of extraction rate. Normal infusion showed lower extraction yield in slower rate of extraction (10.1 mg GAE/g DW, 0.06 mg/g/min, respectively) due to only normal heating of 40 ℃ in warm water bath. The effect of APD in the V-SFME technique was found significant (p < 0.05) on the TPC and it was found not significantly changed over the microwave exposure time. The GC-MS analysis revealed that 2,3-dihydro benzofuran compounds, from the class of coumaran, presents as the major phytocompounds in C. nutans extracts obtained by V-SFME and SFME. Gallic acid, iso-orientin and vitexin was quantified by HPLC analysis and it was revealed that vitexin (334.84 μg/g) appeared as the highest phenolic acid found in C. nutans extracts. C. nutans extracts therefore found to be a rich source of phenolic compounds and V-SFME showed high efficiency to recover such compounds under optimum APD, shorter microwave exposure time, and at the same time preserve the polyphenols content at low temperature.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Othman, Siti Nur Shazana
author_facet	Othman, Siti Nur Shazana
author_sort	Othman, Siti Nur Shazana
title	Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
title_short	Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
title_full	Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
title_fullStr	Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
title_full_unstemmed	Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman
title_sort	solvent-free microwave extraction (sfme) of phenolic compounds in clinacanthus nutans lindau (c. nutans) via vacuum technique / siti nur shazana othman
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
granting_department	College of Engineering
publishDate	2022
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72946/1/72946.pdf
_version_	1783735964749791232

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of phenolic compounds in Clinacanthus nutans lindau (C. nutans) via vacuum technique / Siti Nur Shazana Othman

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