Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan

The increasing demand for skincare products has led to the rapid rise of the global cosmetics business over the past few decades. Many cosmetics and dermatological products have used vitamin E and ubiquinone as antioxidants. However, the skin delivery of these compounds has not been satisfactory. Th...

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Main Author:	Azlan, Noreen Ang
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	Skin manifestations of systemic disease
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/75215/1/75215.pdf
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id	my-uitm-ir.75215
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Majeed, Abu Bakar
topic	Skin manifestations of systemic disease
spellingShingle	Skin manifestations of systemic disease Azlan, Noreen Ang Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
description	The increasing demand for skincare products has led to the rapid rise of the global cosmetics business over the past few decades. Many cosmetics and dermatological products have used vitamin E and ubiquinone as antioxidants. However, the skin delivery of these compounds has not been satisfactory. This implies that benefits from these antioxidants are not optimised, while wastage incurs costs. It is postulated that the solutions to this conundrum (of attempting to boost antioxidant delivery while keeping the product price low) are, one, to substitute a substance that is high in tocotrienols (a subfamily of vitamin E), two, adopting a novel delivery system in the form of nanoemulsions (NEs), and the inclusion of permeation enhancers. It has been shown that tocotrienols have greater antioxidant efficacy than tocopherols. The (NEs) formation technique with low mechanical energy allows this approach to be more affordable and advantageous to the industry. The objective of this research was to enhance the skin absorption of vitamin E isomers in combination with ubiquinone loaded in the oil phase of a NE produced from nanophase gel (NPG). On research methodology, first, was the validation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E isomers (a-, S-, y-tocotrienols), and ubiquinone in diverse samples from the various stages of this study. The preparation of NEs was by using the D-phase emulsification technique. Initially pre-concentrated NEs known as NPG was formulated. Then the NPG was selfemulsified in water to produce NEs. NPG consists of sucrose monoester as a surfactant, glycerine as the aqueous phase, and natural oils (palm kernel oil and olive oil) in combination with fatty acids (lauric acid and oleic acid) as penetration enhancers. Franz diffusion cell method was used to test the permeation profiles of vitamin E isomers and ubiquinone through a polycarbonate membrane for the in vitro study. For ex vivo skin penetration of vitamin E isomers and ubiquinone, loaded in the NPG NE, the formulation was applied topically to the hairless rat abdomen skin and examined. The HPLC assay was sensitive and selective with good linearity in the range. The total run time of chromatographic analysis was 8 minutes, allowing for high throughput. The preparation of NEs in palm kernel oil resulted in formulations with an average size of 161nm±1.62, PDI value of 0.173±0.03, and -23±1.07, zeta potential. As for the NE in olive oil, the average size reported was 161nm±1.60, PDI value of 0.191±0.02, and zeta potential of-28.6±3.56. From the prepared NEs with a mean droplet size of 400 nm, it was found that the a- and 8-tocotrienol more readily permeated through the rat fullthickness skin than y-tocotrienol and ubiquinone. The optimum absorption of tocotrienols into the epidermal layer of rat skin is provided by NEs produced from NPG concentrations in the order of 40%>50% >30%. While for ubiquinone absorption, NPG concentrations in NEs were determined to be in the range of 50%>40%>30%. In both the dermal layer and the receptor phase, a low concentration of both actives was detected. This was probably due to the NPG NEs being negatively charged, and causing the electrostatic repulsion exerted by the negatively charged cell membrane and preventing the actives from entering the membrane. In conclusion, by adopting the three approaches in this study, namely using tocotrienols as antioxidants, loading actives in NEs and inclusion of permeation enhancers, the absorption of actives at the epidermis increased. Therefore, this strategy may be beneficial for the cosmetic industry.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Azlan, Noreen Ang
author_facet	Azlan, Noreen Ang
author_sort	Azlan, Noreen Ang
title	Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
title_short	Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
title_full	Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
title_fullStr	Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
title_full_unstemmed	Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan
title_sort	study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / noreen ang azlan
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
granting_department	Faculty of Pharmacy
publishDate	2022
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/75215/1/75215.pdf
_version_	1783736039907524608
spelling	my-uitm-ir.752152023-05-29T06:33:18Z Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan 2022 Azlan, Noreen Ang Skin manifestations of systemic disease The increasing demand for skincare products has led to the rapid rise of the global cosmetics business over the past few decades. Many cosmetics and dermatological products have used vitamin E and ubiquinone as antioxidants. However, the skin delivery of these compounds has not been satisfactory. This implies that benefits from these antioxidants are not optimised, while wastage incurs costs. It is postulated that the solutions to this conundrum (of attempting to boost antioxidant delivery while keeping the product price low) are, one, to substitute a substance that is high in tocotrienols (a subfamily of vitamin E), two, adopting a novel delivery system in the form of nanoemulsions (NEs), and the inclusion of permeation enhancers. It has been shown that tocotrienols have greater antioxidant efficacy than tocopherols. The (NEs) formation technique with low mechanical energy allows this approach to be more affordable and advantageous to the industry. The objective of this research was to enhance the skin absorption of vitamin E isomers in combination with ubiquinone loaded in the oil phase of a NE produced from nanophase gel (NPG). On research methodology, first, was the validation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E isomers (a-, S-, y-tocotrienols), and ubiquinone in diverse samples from the various stages of this study. The preparation of NEs was by using the D-phase emulsification technique. Initially pre-concentrated NEs known as NPG was formulated. Then the NPG was selfemulsified in water to produce NEs. NPG consists of sucrose monoester as a surfactant, glycerine as the aqueous phase, and natural oils (palm kernel oil and olive oil) in combination with fatty acids (lauric acid and oleic acid) as penetration enhancers. Franz diffusion cell method was used to test the permeation profiles of vitamin E isomers and ubiquinone through a polycarbonate membrane for the in vitro study. For ex vivo skin penetration of vitamin E isomers and ubiquinone, loaded in the NPG NE, the formulation was applied topically to the hairless rat abdomen skin and examined. The HPLC assay was sensitive and selective with good linearity in the range. The total run time of chromatographic analysis was 8 minutes, allowing for high throughput. The preparation of NEs in palm kernel oil resulted in formulations with an average size of 161nm±1.62, PDI value of 0.173±0.03, and -23±1.07, zeta potential. As for the NE in olive oil, the average size reported was 161nm±1.60, PDI value of 0.191±0.02, and zeta potential of-28.6±3.56. From the prepared NEs with a mean droplet size of 400 nm, it was found that the a- and 8-tocotrienol more readily permeated through the rat fullthickness skin than y-tocotrienol and ubiquinone. The optimum absorption of tocotrienols into the epidermal layer of rat skin is provided by NEs produced from NPG concentrations in the order of 40%>50% >30%. While for ubiquinone absorption, NPG concentrations in NEs were determined to be in the range of 50%>40%>30%. In both the dermal layer and the receptor phase, a low concentration of both actives was detected. This was probably due to the NPG NEs being negatively charged, and causing the electrostatic repulsion exerted by the negatively charged cell membrane and preventing the actives from entering the membrane. In conclusion, by adopting the three approaches in this study, namely using tocotrienols as antioxidants, loading actives in NEs and inclusion of permeation enhancers, the absorption of actives at the epidermis increased. Therefore, this strategy may be beneficial for the cosmetic industry. 2022 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/75215/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/75215/1/75215.pdf text en public phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Faculty of Pharmacy Majeed, Abu Bakar

Study on skin delivery of tocotrienols and ubiquinone loaded in nanoemulsions: effect of natural oils and fatty acids as vehicle and penetration enhancer / Noreen Ang Azlan

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