Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin

There are numerous studies evaluating the effectiveness of innovative drying methods and alternative extraction methods, yet only a few reported the effect of the combination of these two. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between drying methods and extraction methods on antioxidant proper...

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Main Author:	Shaharuddin, Syafiqah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2023
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/88726/1/88726.pdf
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spelling	my-uitm-ir.887262023-12-26T08:07:11Z Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin 2023 Shaharuddin, Syafiqah There are numerous studies evaluating the effectiveness of innovative drying methods and alternative extraction methods, yet only a few reported the effect of the combination of these two. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between drying methods and extraction methods on antioxidant properties, total betalain and colour of A. sessilis red were displayed. Drying of A. sessilis red was performed through superheated-steam drying (SSD) and freeze-drying (FD) which was later followed by the extraction using conventional extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that combining SSD and UAE produced greater yield of extract (32.19%) with higher phenolic compounds (GA: 1715.75 mg/100g DS; VA: 230.41 mg/100g DS; PCA: 1559.96 mg/100g DS) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH : 39.48%; FRAP : 1015.02 mg TE/100g DS) as well as having good colour. Still, a combination of SSD (170°C; 1 hour) and UAE (30 mins; 20-kHz; 40°C) was unable to enhance the betalain content. Hence, the stability study was proceeded using FD and UAE. Yet, betalain can still undergo degradation, causing the loss of its colour. The encapsulation technique can improve the stability of the pigment but it requires the addition of carrier agents. This study focused on the effect of different carrier agents on the antioxidative properties, total betalain and colour of A. sessilis red powder to its powder properties. The liquid extracts of A. sessilis red were added with single carrier agent (maltodextrin) as well as binary carrier agents (maltodextrin+arabic gum, maltodextrin+whey protein isolate) at a percentage of 20% w/w prior to encapsulation by the spray drying. The incorporation of carrier agent yielded powder of higher yield (27.80%-34.35%) and glass transition temperature (42.50°C-55.28°C) as well as lower hygroscopicity (13.40%-17.29%), moisture content (3.20% - 4.10%) and water activity (0.37-0.26). The use of binary carrier agents also improves the morphology of the powder by reducing the formation of cracks on the microcapsules. Even so, storing the powders for two months at temperatures of 4°C, 25°C and 40°C with the exclusion of oxygen (oxygen absorber) and light (opaque aluminium packaging) still caused detrimental impacts to the antioxidant properties and betalain pigment. Combinations of maltodextrin and AG were seen to be the best carrier agent as they showed the highest retention of betalain pigment (betanin: 74.36%- 84.62%; betaxanthin: 52.94%-90.20%) and moderate retention of antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 70.70%-77.39%; FRAP: 50.00%-80.60%). 2023 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/88726/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/88726/1/88726.pdf text en public masters Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Faculty of Applied Science Othman, Azizah
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Othman, Azizah
description	There are numerous studies evaluating the effectiveness of innovative drying methods and alternative extraction methods, yet only a few reported the effect of the combination of these two. Therefore, in this study, the relationships between drying methods and extraction methods on antioxidant properties, total betalain and colour of A. sessilis red were displayed. Drying of A. sessilis red was performed through superheated-steam drying (SSD) and freeze-drying (FD) which was later followed by the extraction using conventional extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Results showed that combining SSD and UAE produced greater yield of extract (32.19%) with higher phenolic compounds (GA: 1715.75 mg/100g DS; VA: 230.41 mg/100g DS; PCA: 1559.96 mg/100g DS) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH : 39.48%; FRAP : 1015.02 mg TE/100g DS) as well as having good colour. Still, a combination of SSD (170°C; 1 hour) and UAE (30 mins; 20-kHz; 40°C) was unable to enhance the betalain content. Hence, the stability study was proceeded using FD and UAE. Yet, betalain can still undergo degradation, causing the loss of its colour. The encapsulation technique can improve the stability of the pigment but it requires the addition of carrier agents. This study focused on the effect of different carrier agents on the antioxidative properties, total betalain and colour of A. sessilis red powder to its powder properties. The liquid extracts of A. sessilis red were added with single carrier agent (maltodextrin) as well as binary carrier agents (maltodextrin+arabic gum, maltodextrin+whey protein isolate) at a percentage of 20% w/w prior to encapsulation by the spray drying. The incorporation of carrier agent yielded powder of higher yield (27.80%-34.35%) and glass transition temperature (42.50°C-55.28°C) as well as lower hygroscopicity (13.40%-17.29%), moisture content (3.20% - 4.10%) and water activity (0.37-0.26). The use of binary carrier agents also improves the morphology of the powder by reducing the formation of cracks on the microcapsules. Even so, storing the powders for two months at temperatures of 4°C, 25°C and 40°C with the exclusion of oxygen (oxygen absorber) and light (opaque aluminium packaging) still caused detrimental impacts to the antioxidant properties and betalain pigment. Combinations of maltodextrin and AG were seen to be the best carrier agent as they showed the highest retention of betalain pigment (betanin: 74.36%- 84.62%; betaxanthin: 52.94%-90.20%) and moderate retention of antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 70.70%-77.39%; FRAP: 50.00%-80.60%).
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Shaharuddin, Syafiqah
spellingShingle	Shaharuddin, Syafiqah Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
author_facet	Shaharuddin, Syafiqah
author_sort	Shaharuddin, Syafiqah
title	Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
title_short	Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
title_full	Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
title_fullStr	Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin
title_sort	effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of alternanthera sessilis (l.) dc. extract / syafiqah shaharuddin
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
granting_department	Faculty of Applied Science
publishDate	2023
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/88726/1/88726.pdf
_version_	1794192148340408320

Effects of different drying process, extraction and encapsulation agents on stability of Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Extract / Syafiqah Shaharuddin

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