Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah

Oil palm trunk (OPT), a non-woody raw material with low cost and renewable, abundance had been established. Instead of polluting, conversion of the sugar in OPT, to make bio-based adhesive is an option. Lack of research articles on conversion of OPT material to bio-based adhesive, triggered the stud...

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Main Author:	Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2023
Online Access:	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/89265/1/89265.pdf
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spelling	my-uitm-ir.892652024-01-17T07:29:53Z Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah 2023 Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar Oil palm trunk (OPT), a non-woody raw material with low cost and renewable, abundance had been established. Instead of polluting, conversion of the sugar in OPT, to make bio-based adhesive is an option. Lack of research articles on conversion of OPT material to bio-based adhesive, triggered the study to modify and evaluate urea formaldehyde(UF) resins with free sugars from OPT peeler core that is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. The moisture content (MC) and density of OPT increases from bottom to top, owing to high proportion of parenchyma in the top part of OPT. Meanwhile, the density of OPT shows that the top part has higher density than those of bottom and middle part. The highest extractives content was obtained from sodium hydroxide followed by cold water, hot water and acetone extractions. The lowest extractives content was found at the bottom section of the OPT, whereas the middle and top portion contained a higher extractive content, regardless of the type of solvent used. The dominant free sugars in the oil palm sap glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose. Therefore, these carbohydrates in the sap of OTP whole trunk are promising feedstock for bio-based resin production. In this study, different amounts of these free sugars were added to the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with different formaldehyde/urea (F/U) molar ratios (1.0, 1.2, and 1.4). Fourier transform infra-red(FTIR) spectra of UF resins with 1.0 and 1.2 molar ratio shows that the amide group disappears after the addition of free sugars, and there are changes in intensity due to the sugar content added in the resin. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)showed that the onset and peak temperature (Tp) of all F/U molar ratio increased as the free sugar content increased, addition of free sugars into UF resins took longer time to cure due to a decrease in the resin reactivity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also used to compare thermal stability of the modified UF resins with free sugars. TGA results showed that the 1.4 molar ratio UF resins modified with 10% free sugars were the most thermally stable when compared with other resins. MOE and MOR of plywoodwere acceptable. As a conclusion, the free sugars in the sap of OPT showed a great potential for the modification of UF resins and improved the adhesion in the future .However, the modified UF resins with the sugars could be acceptable for the interior application of wood composite such as particleboard, plywood or packaging paper 2023 Thesis https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/89265/ https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/89265/1/89265.pdf text en public phd doctoral Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Faculty of Applied Science Mohd Yunus, Nor Yuziah (Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr.)
institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA
collection	UiTM Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Mohd Yunus, Nor Yuziah (Assoc. Prof. ChM. Dr.)
description	Oil palm trunk (OPT), a non-woody raw material with low cost and renewable, abundance had been established. Instead of polluting, conversion of the sugar in OPT, to make bio-based adhesive is an option. Lack of research articles on conversion of OPT material to bio-based adhesive, triggered the study to modify and evaluate urea formaldehyde(UF) resins with free sugars from OPT peeler core that is biodegradable and environmentally friendly. The moisture content (MC) and density of OPT increases from bottom to top, owing to high proportion of parenchyma in the top part of OPT. Meanwhile, the density of OPT shows that the top part has higher density than those of bottom and middle part. The highest extractives content was obtained from sodium hydroxide followed by cold water, hot water and acetone extractions. The lowest extractives content was found at the bottom section of the OPT, whereas the middle and top portion contained a higher extractive content, regardless of the type of solvent used. The dominant free sugars in the oil palm sap glucose, xylose, mannose and arabinose. Therefore, these carbohydrates in the sap of OTP whole trunk are promising feedstock for bio-based resin production. In this study, different amounts of these free sugars were added to the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with different formaldehyde/urea (F/U) molar ratios (1.0, 1.2, and 1.4). Fourier transform infra-red(FTIR) spectra of UF resins with 1.0 and 1.2 molar ratio shows that the amide group disappears after the addition of free sugars, and there are changes in intensity due to the sugar content added in the resin. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)showed that the onset and peak temperature (Tp) of all F/U molar ratio increased as the free sugar content increased, addition of free sugars into UF resins took longer time to cure due to a decrease in the resin reactivity. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also used to compare thermal stability of the modified UF resins with free sugars. TGA results showed that the 1.4 molar ratio UF resins modified with 10% free sugars were the most thermally stable when compared with other resins. MOE and MOR of plywoodwere acceptable. As a conclusion, the free sugars in the sap of OPT showed a great potential for the modification of UF resins and improved the adhesion in the future .However, the modified UF resins with the sugars could be acceptable for the interior application of wood composite such as particleboard, plywood or packaging paper
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar
spellingShingle	Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
author_facet	Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar
author_sort	Abdullah, Zaimatul Aqmar
title	Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
title_short	Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
title_full	Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
title_fullStr	Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
title_full_unstemmed	Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah
title_sort	modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / zaimatul aqmar abdullah
granting_institution	Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
granting_department	Faculty of Applied Science
publishDate	2023
url	https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/89265/1/89265.pdf
_version_	1794192209912791040

Modification of urea formaldehyde resins with sugar derived from oil palm trunk peeler core / Zaimatul Aqmar Abdullah

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