Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts

Research on biodiesel is worth to be explored persistently as a promising solution for depletion of fossil fuel and to counter the escalation of environmental disruptions. This study focuses on the production of biodiesel by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfuric acid and...

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Main Author:	Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/29022/1/Esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20using%20sulfate.pdf
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spelling	my-ump-ir.290222020-08-18T03:34:05Z Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts 2019-01 Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Research on biodiesel is worth to be explored persistently as a promising solution for depletion of fossil fuel and to counter the escalation of environmental disruptions. This study focuses on the production of biodiesel by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfuric acid and three types of sulfated metal oxides, SO42-/Fe2O3, SO42-/Al2O3 and sulfated deoiled spent bleaching clay (SO42-/DSBC). PFAD is by-product from palm oil refinery, containing high amount of free fatty acid. Characterisation test found that PFAD used in this study had acid value of 164.52 mgKOH/g, saponification value of 167.4 mgKOH/g, iodine value of 52.3 g I2/100g and moisture content of 0.26%. All three solid catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation using sulfuric acid via ultrasonic method. Ultrasonic method is chosen as it had been proven to aid in catalyst preparation and produce better performing catalyst compared to the conventional preparation. All the catalysts were characterised using FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, Hammett indicators, TGA and BET. All the catalysts have acidity in the range of 1.8<pH<3.0. Among the catalysts, highest pore volume and surface area was recorded by SO42-/DSBC. Highest conversion obtained from among the heterogenous catalyst was SO42-/Fe2O3 with 87.81% methyl ester content at 90 °C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount. Even with catalyst leaching, a conversion of 76.02% is achieved at fourth cycle of reusability. As for SO42-/DSBC, highest methyl ester obtained was 74.55% (at 110°C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 5 wt% catalyst amount) with fourth reusability gave 55.43% conversion, while SO42-/Al2O3 produced 67.81% methyl ester (at 110 °C, 9 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount). 2019-01 Thesis http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/29022/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/29022/1/Esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20using%20sulfate.pdf pdf en public masters Universiti Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
collection	UMPSA Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
description	Research on biodiesel is worth to be explored persistently as a promising solution for depletion of fossil fuel and to counter the escalation of environmental disruptions. This study focuses on the production of biodiesel by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfuric acid and three types of sulfated metal oxides, SO42-/Fe2O3, SO42-/Al2O3 and sulfated deoiled spent bleaching clay (SO42-/DSBC). PFAD is by-product from palm oil refinery, containing high amount of free fatty acid. Characterisation test found that PFAD used in this study had acid value of 164.52 mgKOH/g, saponification value of 167.4 mgKOH/g, iodine value of 52.3 g I2/100g and moisture content of 0.26%. All three solid catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation using sulfuric acid via ultrasonic method. Ultrasonic method is chosen as it had been proven to aid in catalyst preparation and produce better performing catalyst compared to the conventional preparation. All the catalysts were characterised using FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, Hammett indicators, TGA and BET. All the catalysts have acidity in the range of 1.8<pH<3.0. Among the catalysts, highest pore volume and surface area was recorded by SO42-/DSBC. Highest conversion obtained from among the heterogenous catalyst was SO42-/Fe2O3 with 87.81% methyl ester content at 90 °C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount. Even with catalyst leaching, a conversion of 76.02% is achieved at fourth cycle of reusability. As for SO42-/DSBC, highest methyl ester obtained was 74.55% (at 110°C, 5 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 5 wt% catalyst amount) with fourth reusability gave 55.43% conversion, while SO42-/Al2O3 produced 67.81% methyl ester (at 110 °C, 9 h, 12:1 methanol to PFAD molar ratio and 7 wt% catalyst amount).
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor
author_facet	Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor
author_sort	Nazratul Zaheera, Abdul Kapor
title	Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
title_short	Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
title_full	Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
title_fullStr	Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
title_full_unstemmed	Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
title_sort	esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang
granting_department	Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology
publishDate	2019
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/29022/1/Esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20using%20sulfate.pdf
_version_	1783732113772642304

Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate using sulfate based catalysts

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