Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
Developments in nanotechnology have lead to the usage of nanoparticles for various applications. Nanocrsytalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the nanofibers materials represent a new emerging natural source of reinforcing nanofillers. Currently, hydrolysis method is implemented for the NCC production....
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34462/1/Nanocrystalline%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20fiber%20via%20ultrasound.wm.pdf |
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| Summary: | Developments in nanotechnology have lead to the usage of nanoparticles for various applications. Nanocrsytalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the nanofibers materials represent a new emerging natural source of reinforcing nanofillers. Currently, hydrolysis method is implemented for the NCC production. However, a certain number of drawbacks were addressed using this method such as time-consuming and cellulose degradation which often affects the yield of NCC. Therefore, in this study, the NCC, was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch(REFB) using ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis method. The NCC yield was optimized through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Other than that, the NCC was functionalized using hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) and the incorporation of NCC and Modified NCC(MNCC) into PVA hydrogel nanocomposites were also studied. The NCC was produce from treated cellulose pulp(TEFBP) obtained from REFB using combination of ultrasound and hydrolysis method. The optimization of the NCC production from this method was conducted by employing RSM using Central Composite Design(CCD). A HBPE was then used to functionalize the optimized NCC. Subsequently, the 3% NCC and 3% modified MNCC were separately incorporated into PVA hydrogel and the properties of the nanocomposites were investigated accordingly. The result from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope(FESEM) revealed a spherical morphology of the produced NCC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis for NCC shows the crystallinity of 80% which is higher than starting material, REFB by 42%. The obtained NCC also exhibits high thermal stability of 362.17°C compared to REFB with 289.82°C. The acid concentration of 64% and hydrolysis temperature of 60°C were found to be the optimum condition for maximum NCC yield of 75%. The functionalization of NCC by HBPE was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FITR) spectra with increasing –OH groups and new form of group (C=O) which is attributed to the presence of HBPE on the NCC. On the other hand, the XRD and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results for MNCC are 84% and 388°C respectively, which is slightly higher compared to the produced NCC with 82% and 378°C respectively. The adsorption property of the PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC nanocomposites was shows that the equilibrium degree of swelling ratio for PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC hydrogels is higher than the PVA neat by 450% and 480% respectively. FESEM analysis revealed that the incorporation of NCC and MNCC into the PVA hydrogel reduced pore structure of PVA hydrogel. Particulaly, PVA/MNCC nanocomposite offers better properties which are attributed to the effective modification of the NCC using HBPE. This was further reflected in the notable improvement in thermal stability of the PVA/MNCC hydrogel. Based on the findings of this study, the usage of ultrasound during hydrolysis of NCC could improve the quantity of NCC, which are greatly potential for high-end applications with versatile reinforcement for the development of nanocomposite. |
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