Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel

Developments in nanotechnology have lead to the usage of nanoparticles for various applications. Nanocrsytalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the nanofibers materials represent a new emerging natural source of reinforcing nanofillers. Currently, hydrolysis method is implemented for the NCC production....

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Main Author:	Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34462/1/Nanocrystalline%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20fiber%20via%20ultrasound.wm.pdf
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spelling	my-ump-ir.344622023-05-24T03:16:13Z Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel 2021-04 Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin TP Chemical technology Developments in nanotechnology have lead to the usage of nanoparticles for various applications. Nanocrsytalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the nanofibers materials represent a new emerging natural source of reinforcing nanofillers. Currently, hydrolysis method is implemented for the NCC production. However, a certain number of drawbacks were addressed using this method such as time-consuming and cellulose degradation which often affects the yield of NCC. Therefore, in this study, the NCC, was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch(REFB) using ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis method. The NCC yield was optimized through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Other than that, the NCC was functionalized using hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) and the incorporation of NCC and Modified NCC(MNCC) into PVA hydrogel nanocomposites were also studied. The NCC was produce from treated cellulose pulp(TEFBP) obtained from REFB using combination of ultrasound and hydrolysis method. The optimization of the NCC production from this method was conducted by employing RSM using Central Composite Design(CCD). A HBPE was then used to functionalize the optimized NCC. Subsequently, the 3% NCC and 3% modified MNCC were separately incorporated into PVA hydrogel and the properties of the nanocomposites were investigated accordingly. The result from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope(FESEM) revealed a spherical morphology of the produced NCC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis for NCC shows the crystallinity of 80% which is higher than starting material, REFB by 42%. The obtained NCC also exhibits high thermal stability of 362.17°C compared to REFB with 289.82°C. The acid concentration of 64% and hydrolysis temperature of 60°C were found to be the optimum condition for maximum NCC yield of 75%. The functionalization of NCC by HBPE was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FITR) spectra with increasing –OH groups and new form of group (C=O) which is attributed to the presence of HBPE on the NCC. On the other hand, the XRD and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results for MNCC are 84% and 388°C respectively, which is slightly higher compared to the produced NCC with 82% and 378°C respectively. The adsorption property of the PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC nanocomposites was shows that the equilibrium degree of swelling ratio for PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC hydrogels is higher than the PVA neat by 450% and 480% respectively. FESEM analysis revealed that the incorporation of NCC and MNCC into the PVA hydrogel reduced pore structure of PVA hydrogel. Particulaly, PVA/MNCC nanocomposite offers better properties which are attributed to the effective modification of the NCC using HBPE. This was further reflected in the notable improvement in thermal stability of the PVA/MNCC hydrogel. Based on the findings of this study, the usage of ultrasound during hydrolysis of NCC could improve the quantity of NCC, which are greatly potential for high-end applications with versatile reinforcement for the development of nanocomposite. 2021-04 Thesis http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34462/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34462/1/Nanocrystalline%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20fiber%20via%20ultrasound.wm.pdf pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology Muhammad Dalour, Hossein Beg
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
collection	UMPSA Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Muhammad Dalour, Hossein Beg
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
description	Developments in nanotechnology have lead to the usage of nanoparticles for various applications. Nanocrsytalline cellulose (NCC) is one of the nanofibers materials represent a new emerging natural source of reinforcing nanofillers. Currently, hydrolysis method is implemented for the NCC production. However, a certain number of drawbacks were addressed using this method such as time-consuming and cellulose degradation which often affects the yield of NCC. Therefore, in this study, the NCC, was produced from oil palm empty fruit bunch(REFB) using ultrasound assisted acid hydrolysis method. The NCC yield was optimized through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Other than that, the NCC was functionalized using hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) and the incorporation of NCC and Modified NCC(MNCC) into PVA hydrogel nanocomposites were also studied. The NCC was produce from treated cellulose pulp(TEFBP) obtained from REFB using combination of ultrasound and hydrolysis method. The optimization of the NCC production from this method was conducted by employing RSM using Central Composite Design(CCD). A HBPE was then used to functionalize the optimized NCC. Subsequently, the 3% NCC and 3% modified MNCC were separately incorporated into PVA hydrogel and the properties of the nanocomposites were investigated accordingly. The result from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope(FESEM) revealed a spherical morphology of the produced NCC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis for NCC shows the crystallinity of 80% which is higher than starting material, REFB by 42%. The obtained NCC also exhibits high thermal stability of 362.17°C compared to REFB with 289.82°C. The acid concentration of 64% and hydrolysis temperature of 60°C were found to be the optimum condition for maximum NCC yield of 75%. The functionalization of NCC by HBPE was confirmed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FITR) spectra with increasing –OH groups and new form of group (C=O) which is attributed to the presence of HBPE on the NCC. On the other hand, the XRD and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) results for MNCC are 84% and 388°C respectively, which is slightly higher compared to the produced NCC with 82% and 378°C respectively. The adsorption property of the PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC nanocomposites was shows that the equilibrium degree of swelling ratio for PVA/NCC and PVA/MNCC hydrogels is higher than the PVA neat by 450% and 480% respectively. FESEM analysis revealed that the incorporation of NCC and MNCC into the PVA hydrogel reduced pore structure of PVA hydrogel. Particulaly, PVA/MNCC nanocomposite offers better properties which are attributed to the effective modification of the NCC using HBPE. This was further reflected in the notable improvement in thermal stability of the PVA/MNCC hydrogel. Based on the findings of this study, the usage of ultrasound during hydrolysis of NCC could improve the quantity of NCC, which are greatly potential for high-end applications with versatile reinforcement for the development of nanocomposite.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin
author_facet	Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin
author_sort	Zianor Azrina, Zianon Abdin
title	Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
title_short	Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
title_full	Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
title_fullStr	Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
title_full_unstemmed	Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel
title_sort	nanocrystalline cellulose (ncc) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (pva) hydrogel
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang
granting_department	Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology
publishDate	2021
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/34462/1/Nanocrystalline%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20fiber%20via%20ultrasound.wm.pdf
_version_	1783732193987657728

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from oil palm fiber via ultrasound assisted hydrolysis and it’s reinforcement in poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel

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