Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor

The automotive air-conditioning (AAC) system consumes the most energy among the auxiliary components in vehicles to achieve thermal comfort inside the vehicle's cabin. Nanolubricant was used to improve the performance of the AAC system. Few studies investigated the AAC system performance with n...

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Main Author:	Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2023
Subjects:	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/39627/1/ir.Characterization%2C%20performance%20and%20optimization%20of%20nanolubricants%20in%20automotive%20air-conditioning.pdf
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id	my-ump-ir.39627
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
collection	UMPSA Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Wan Azmi, Wan Hamzah
topic	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle	TA Engineering (General) Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
description	The automotive air-conditioning (AAC) system consumes the most energy among the auxiliary components in vehicles to achieve thermal comfort inside the vehicle's cabin. Nanolubricant was used to improve the performance of the AAC system. Few studies investigated the AAC system performance with nanolubricant but were mainly concerned with belting-driven compressor (BDC) and polyalkylene-glycol (PAG) nanolubricant. However, a limited study was undertaken for AAC with an electrically-driven compressor (AAC-EDC) with polyolester (POE) lubricant and none with nanolubricant. Therefore, using nanolubricant in AAC-EDC system is expected to increase the performance and minimize the size of the battery and AAC components. This study aims to evaluate the rheological and tribological properties of the POE nanolubricants and evaluate the performance and optimize the operating parameters of the AAC-EDC system. The POE nanolubricant was formulated and stabilized using a two-step method of preparation. Mono TiO2/POE, mono SiO2/POE and hybrid TiO2-SiO2/POE nanolubricants were prepared at different volume concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1%. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the stability of nanolubricants. The rheological properties were measured at a temperature of 30 to 100 °C. Meanwhile, the four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological properties of nanolubricants according to ASTM D4172-18 standard. Further, the AAC-EDC experiment was performed in the range of 1200 to 3840 rpm compressor speed and 120 to 160 g for the initial refrigerant charge. Response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the optimization to investigate the influence of compressor speed, initial refrigerant charge, and volume concentration as input parameters on the AAC-EDC performance with nanolubricants. All nanolubricants were found to have excellent stability, with minor sedimentation for up to 30 days of observation. The visual observation results were supported by ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy evaluation. The mono and hybrid nanolubricants were sustained for over 90% of the UV-Vis concentration ratio for up to 30 days. The zeta potential at more than 60 mV for all nanolubricants further confirmed the excellent stability condition. The dynamic viscosity of the mono and hybrid nanolubricants was increased with volume concentration while decreasing with temperature. Interestingly, the dynamic viscosity decrement occurred for nanolubricants at less than 0.05% volume concentration compared to pure POE lubricant. The tribological evaluation was performed with a better coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) compared to pure POE lubricant at less than 0.05% volume concentrations for all nanolubricants. The mono SiO2/POE nanolubricant in the AAC-EDC system performed better than pure POE lubricant, mono TiO2/POE and hybrid TiO2-SiO2/POE nanolubricant with a reduction in compressor work of 22.3%, heat absorption increment up to 110% and COP enhancement up to 53.8% at 0.01% volume concentration. From RSM optimization, the optimum parameter, namely compressor speed, initial refrigerant charge and volume concentrations of 1808 rpm, 160 g and 0.013%, respectively, yield the optimum responses of heat absorption, compressor work, expansion valve discharge temperature, and EDC power consumption for SiO2/POE nanolubricant were attained at 19.91 kJ/kg, 5.34 kJ/kg, 10.28 °C and 116.66 W respectively with highest desirability of 0.941. It can be concluded that a 0.013% volume concentration of SiO2/POE nanolubricant was highly recommended for optimum performance in the AAC-EDC system. Therefore, it is recommended to employ these nanolubricants in the actual vehicle conditions and can also be applied in better environment refrigerants such as R1234yf.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid
author_facet	Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid
author_sort	Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid
title	Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
title_short	Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
title_full	Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
title_fullStr	Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
title_full_unstemmed	Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
title_sort	characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang
granting_department	Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology
publishDate	2023
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/39627/1/ir.Characterization%2C%20performance%20and%20optimization%20of%20nanolubricants%20in%20automotive%20air-conditioning.pdf
_version_	1794020297285828608
spelling	my-ump-ir.396272023-12-12T10:24:05Z Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor 2023-03 Mohd Hamisa, Abdul Hamid TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery The automotive air-conditioning (AAC) system consumes the most energy among the auxiliary components in vehicles to achieve thermal comfort inside the vehicle's cabin. Nanolubricant was used to improve the performance of the AAC system. Few studies investigated the AAC system performance with nanolubricant but were mainly concerned with belting-driven compressor (BDC) and polyalkylene-glycol (PAG) nanolubricant. However, a limited study was undertaken for AAC with an electrically-driven compressor (AAC-EDC) with polyolester (POE) lubricant and none with nanolubricant. Therefore, using nanolubricant in AAC-EDC system is expected to increase the performance and minimize the size of the battery and AAC components. This study aims to evaluate the rheological and tribological properties of the POE nanolubricants and evaluate the performance and optimize the operating parameters of the AAC-EDC system. The POE nanolubricant was formulated and stabilized using a two-step method of preparation. Mono TiO2/POE, mono SiO2/POE and hybrid TiO2-SiO2/POE nanolubricants were prepared at different volume concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1%. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the stability of nanolubricants. The rheological properties were measured at a temperature of 30 to 100 °C. Meanwhile, the four-ball tester was used to evaluate the tribological properties of nanolubricants according to ASTM D4172-18 standard. Further, the AAC-EDC experiment was performed in the range of 1200 to 3840 rpm compressor speed and 120 to 160 g for the initial refrigerant charge. Response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the optimization to investigate the influence of compressor speed, initial refrigerant charge, and volume concentration as input parameters on the AAC-EDC performance with nanolubricants. All nanolubricants were found to have excellent stability, with minor sedimentation for up to 30 days of observation. The visual observation results were supported by ultra-violet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy evaluation. The mono and hybrid nanolubricants were sustained for over 90% of the UV-Vis concentration ratio for up to 30 days. The zeta potential at more than 60 mV for all nanolubricants further confirmed the excellent stability condition. The dynamic viscosity of the mono and hybrid nanolubricants was increased with volume concentration while decreasing with temperature. Interestingly, the dynamic viscosity decrement occurred for nanolubricants at less than 0.05% volume concentration compared to pure POE lubricant. The tribological evaluation was performed with a better coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD) compared to pure POE lubricant at less than 0.05% volume concentrations for all nanolubricants. The mono SiO2/POE nanolubricant in the AAC-EDC system performed better than pure POE lubricant, mono TiO2/POE and hybrid TiO2-SiO2/POE nanolubricant with a reduction in compressor work of 22.3%, heat absorption increment up to 110% and COP enhancement up to 53.8% at 0.01% volume concentration. From RSM optimization, the optimum parameter, namely compressor speed, initial refrigerant charge and volume concentrations of 1808 rpm, 160 g and 0.013%, respectively, yield the optimum responses of heat absorption, compressor work, expansion valve discharge temperature, and EDC power consumption for SiO2/POE nanolubricant were attained at 19.91 kJ/kg, 5.34 kJ/kg, 10.28 °C and 116.66 W respectively with highest desirability of 0.941. It can be concluded that a 0.013% volume concentration of SiO2/POE nanolubricant was highly recommended for optimum performance in the AAC-EDC system. Therefore, it is recommended to employ these nanolubricants in the actual vehicle conditions and can also be applied in better environment refrigerants such as R1234yf. 2023-03 Thesis http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/39627/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/39627/1/ir.Characterization%2C%20performance%20and%20optimization%20of%20nanolubricants%20in%20automotive%20air-conditioning.pdf pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Malaysia Pahang Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology Wan Azmi, Wan Hamzah

Characterization, performance and optimization of nanolubricants in automotive air-conditioning with electrically-driven compressor

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