Diversity and ecology of immature black flies in streams of Tambunan, Sabah
A study on the diversity and ecology of black flies towards the rainfall variations in Sabah was conducted for 12 months from October 2015 until September 2016 at Tambunan district. The objectives of this study were, i) to determine the black flies species composition in selected streams at Tambu...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2018
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/26923/1/Diversity%20and%20ecology%20of%20immature%20black%20flies%20in%20streams%20of%20Tambunan%2C%20Sabah.pdf |
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| Summary: | A study on the diversity and ecology of black flies towards the rainfall variations in
Sabah was conducted for 12 months from October 2015 until September 2016 at
Tambunan district. The objectives of this study were, i) to determine the black
flies species composition in selected streams at Tambunan., ii) to determine the
relationship between seasonal changes and the abundance of black flies pupae,
and iii) to determine the relationship of water quality with the abundance of black
flies pupae. There were six study sites located in the Tambunan district, Sabah.
The sampling point were chosen according to their accessibility for collection and
the presence of water flow. The frequency of field sampling was once every
fortnight. During every field sampling, black flies larvae and pupae were collected
from all substrates. The physico-chemical parameter of water quality such as
stream depth, width, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), velocity,
conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were also measured at the time of
each collection. Rainfall data information for Tambunan District was obtained from
Department of Meteorology Malaysia (Sabah Branch and Batu Gajah Agriculture
station, Tambunan). Results from this study recorded seven species of black flies
from three sub genus: Simulium, Gomphostilbia and Nevermania. The black flies
species recorded were Simulium sabahense, Simulium keningauense, Simulium
beludense, Simulium parahiyangum, Simulium sheilae, Simulium sp and Simulium
aureohirtum. A total of 9689 individual of black flies pupae were sampled for a
period of 12 months. The Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’) ranged between
0.06 to 1.65 which indicate low diversity of black flies in all the study sites. Sg
Tambunan has the highest index value with 1.65 and the lowest diversity index
value was recorded at Sg Lumondou, with the value of 0.06. The common species
recorded in all sites were Simulium beludense, Simulium sabahense, Simulium
keningauense followed by Simulium sp. Result shows that there were no
significant differences in the mean number of black flies pupae sampled between
wet and dry period (Kruskal Wallis test = 5, df = 23, p=0.419). The Spearman’s
rank correlation test shows that there was a weak, negative correlation between
rainfall variation and the abundance of black flies pupae (rs= -0.414, p=0.044).
The Principal Analysis Component (PCA) analysis results indicated two principal
components that have eigenvalue >1.0 and accounted 72.67% of the total
variability of ecological factors among sampling sites. PC1 includes the stream
depth, width, velocity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and total dissolve solids,
while the water pH was the only parameter in PC2. Spearman’s correlation test
shows that there was a significant relationship between of physico-chemical
parameter such as stream depth, stream width, velocity stream temperature, DO,
TDS and conductivity with the total individual of black flies pupae with p value
<0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that the rainfall variations and physico-chemical
parameter have a significant relationship and influenced the abundance of black
flies in Tambunan. |
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