Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit

Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit

Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. The cost of feedstock in the form of neat vegetable oils is significantly 70-95% of the total cost of the biodiesel production. Low quality oil is potential low cost feedstock to be us...

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Main Author: Kay, Kian Hee
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
Published: 2015
Subjects:
TP315-360 Fuel
Online Access:https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/1/24%20PAGES.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/2/FULLTEXT.pdf
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spelling my-ums-ep.394152024-08-05T02:22:52Z Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit 2015 Kay, Kian Hee TP315-360 Fuel Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. The cost of feedstock in the form of neat vegetable oils is significantly 70-95% of the total cost of the biodiesel production. Low quality oil is potential low cost feedstock to be used in biodiesel production. However, it contains high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and water contain. The conventional technology is not suitable to adopt basic homogeneous catalyst due to saponication between basic catalyst and the FFA. In order to efficiently utilize these low cost feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis, development a new class of high efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, which has, high FFA and water-tolerance that could show promising performances of transesterification is necessary. FFA and water adsorption characteristics of both zeolites were investigated according to batch method under varying conditions, namely different shaking time, initial concentration and solid – solution ratio. The concentration of FFA (as Total Acid Number) and water in all samples was determined according to the EN14104 and EN14101 standard method respectively. Percent FFA and water adsorption by both natural zeolite and NaOCH3-Zeolite increases with shaking time (attaining equilibrium after 60 min) and solid – solution ratio. The FFA adsorption conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9894 and R2 = 0.9989) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.9972 and R2 = 0.9979) whereas the water adsorption by both zeolites conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9801 and R2 = 0.9740) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9953 and R2 = 0.9957). For the biodiesel transesterifiation, the effects of various factors consist of the reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and catalyst reusability were investigated. The experimental treatments of a 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 5wt% NaOCH3-zeolite catalyst, 70oC reaction temperature and 5 cycles reusability using low quality crude jatropha oil resulted in optimum yield in which the biodiesel content reached 97.4wt% at 6 h without soap formation. This biodiesel was characterized for its physical and chemical properties as ASTM or EN-compliant biodiesel. Performance (BSFC, BTE and EGT) and emission characteristics (smoke density) of this biodiesel with diesel fuel were examined and compared in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel was higher than diesel fuel with 13.12% and 0.41% for mean value, respectively. A comparison of exhaust emissions showed that smoke density of biodiesel is lower than those of diesel fuel by 44.4%. Fast check analysis method with special measuring device and chemical solvent mixture were developed to provide on-site analysis check for biodiesel quality monitoring. Biodiesel Test Kit have shown comparable result with ASTM D7371 with correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for biodiesel-diesel blends B5, B10 and B20 of Palm, Jatropha and Soybean based biodiesel. Triglycerides Test Kit have shown good correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for triglycerides 3, 4 and 5%(v/v). The developed methods are providing fast, simple and affordable on-site fast check analysis in measuring FAME content in diesel & triglycerides content in final FAME product economically especially in rural area. 2015 Thesis https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/ https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/1/24%20PAGES.pdf text en public https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/2/FULLTEXT.pdf text en validuser dphil doctoral Universiti Malaysia Sabah Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
institution Universiti Malaysia Sabah
collection UMS Institutional Repository
language English
English
topic TP315-360 Fuel
spellingShingle TP315-360 Fuel
Kay, Kian Hee
Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
description Biodiesel is receiving increasing attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. The cost of feedstock in the form of neat vegetable oils is significantly 70-95% of the total cost of the biodiesel production. Low quality oil is potential low cost feedstock to be used in biodiesel production. However, it contains high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and water contain. The conventional technology is not suitable to adopt basic homogeneous catalyst due to saponication between basic catalyst and the FFA. In order to efficiently utilize these low cost feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis, development a new class of high efficiency heterogeneous catalysts, which has, high FFA and water-tolerance that could show promising performances of transesterification is necessary. FFA and water adsorption characteristics of both zeolites were investigated according to batch method under varying conditions, namely different shaking time, initial concentration and solid – solution ratio. The concentration of FFA (as Total Acid Number) and water in all samples was determined according to the EN14104 and EN14101 standard method respectively. Percent FFA and water adsorption by both natural zeolite and NaOCH3-Zeolite increases with shaking time (attaining equilibrium after 60 min) and solid – solution ratio. The FFA adsorption conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9894 and R2 = 0.9989) and Freundlich (R2 = 0.9972 and R2 = 0.9979) whereas the water adsorption by both zeolites conforms strongly to pseudo – 2nd order kinetics (R2 = 0.9801 and R2 = 0.9740) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9953 and R2 = 0.9957). For the biodiesel transesterifiation, the effects of various factors consist of the reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and catalyst reusability were investigated. The experimental treatments of a 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 5wt% NaOCH3-zeolite catalyst, 70oC reaction temperature and 5 cycles reusability using low quality crude jatropha oil resulted in optimum yield in which the biodiesel content reached 97.4wt% at 6 h without soap formation. This biodiesel was characterized for its physical and chemical properties as ASTM or EN-compliant biodiesel. Performance (BSFC, BTE and EGT) and emission characteristics (smoke density) of this biodiesel with diesel fuel were examined and compared in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel was higher than diesel fuel with 13.12% and 0.41% for mean value, respectively. A comparison of exhaust emissions showed that smoke density of biodiesel is lower than those of diesel fuel by 44.4%. Fast check analysis method with special measuring device and chemical solvent mixture were developed to provide on-site analysis check for biodiesel quality monitoring. Biodiesel Test Kit have shown comparable result with ASTM D7371 with correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for biodiesel-diesel blends B5, B10 and B20 of Palm, Jatropha and Soybean based biodiesel. Triglycerides Test Kit have shown good correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) for triglycerides 3, 4 and 5%(v/v). The developed methods are providing fast, simple and affordable on-site fast check analysis in measuring FAME content in diesel & triglycerides content in final FAME product economically especially in rural area.
format Thesis
qualification_name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level Doctorate
author Kay, Kian Hee
author_facet Kay, Kian Hee
author_sort Kay, Kian Hee
title Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
title_short Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
title_full Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
title_fullStr Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
title_full_unstemmed Biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
title_sort biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst and development of quality fast check test kit
granting_institution Universiti Malaysia Sabah
granting_department Fakulti Sains dan Sumber Alam
publishDate 2015
url https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/1/24%20PAGES.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/39415/2/FULLTEXT.pdf
_version_ 1811770507747393536

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