Chemical composition and authenticity of selected edible bird nest in Malaysia and Indonesia
This study was conducted to determine the authenticity of EBN and the compositional properties of unclean raw and clean EBN as well as to develop a rapid technique to determine the nitrite and nitrate content using sensor technology. The samples used were raw unclean and clean EBN from two major...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
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| Online Access: | http://dspace.unimap.edu.my:80/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/61533/1/Page%201-24.pdf http://dspace.unimap.edu.my:80/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/61533/2/Full%20text.pdf |
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| Summary: | This study was conducted to determine the authenticity of EBN and the compositional
properties of unclean raw and clean EBN as well as to develop a rapid technique to
determine the nitrite and nitrate content using sensor technology. The samples used
were raw unclean and clean EBN from two major exporting countries: Malaysia
(Langkawi and Perlis) and Indonesia (Java, Balikpapan and Kalimantan) from species
Aerodramus fuciphagus and some common adulterants namely agar, starch, sodium
alginate, carrageenan, egg white and pork skin. Functional groups identification study
was employed using FTIR technique. In this study, both unclean and clean EBN gave
similar pattern of FTIR spectra. The presence of similar compounds such as hydroxyl
(OH), carboxyl (COOH), amines (NH), alkanes (C-C), alkynes (C≡C), carbonyl (C=O)
and nitro (N=O) groups were identified. The spectra of pure adulterant were apparently
different with pure EBN while the spectra of adulterated EBN samples with addition of
the adulterants were quite similar from that of pure EBN but the compounds present
were different. The fingerprint region of the spectra of pure and adulterated edible bird
nest samples were quite similar at wavenumber <1500 cm
-1
. The NH group was absent
in all the adulterants except in pork skin and egg white. Pork skin has ester C=O stretch
bond which was not present in EBN itself and in other adulterants. The C=O stretch is
an ester vibration band of fatty acids at wavenumber 1745.1 cm-1. However, both EBN
and adulterants have C=O stretch (amide) around 1670-1600 cm-1 for protein. Hence,
FTIR can be used as a simple and rapid method to identify the authenticity of EBN and
the non-halal component as adulterants. The largest component in EBN was protein
with 22.4% to 32.7% respectively followed by carbohydrate ranging from 9% to 12%.
Moisture (6.92% to 13.88%), ash (1.1% to 8.8%) and the lowest was fat content 0.01%
to 0.07% respectively. Nitrite and nitrate in EBN was determined using sensor
techniques using ISE electrode called E-tongue. This sensor technique is faster
compared to the normal ion chromatography technique. Concentration of nitrite and
nitrate in wastewater, unclean and clean EBN varies from 0.2 to 2.9 ppm which is lower
than the standard set by China for export purposes. In this study, nitrite was less than 30
ppm and therefore safe for human consumption. The accuracy test carried out using
Perlis EBN using sensor technique gave 100.2 to 100.8% recovery with RSD value less
than 1% where as using ion chromatography gave 96.9 to 102.8% with RSD value 9 to
13%. Thus, sensor technique is highly sensitive and can be used as a standard method in
determination of nitrite and nitrate in EBN samples as well as reduce the analysis time
from 2 hour to 10 minutes. Mineral elements such as potassium and iron were high but
lead content is low hence non-toxic. |
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