Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production

Biodiesel is an alternative energy source for diesel fuel. The utilisation of homogeneous catalyst such as sodium hydroxide in biodiesel production is commonly employed due to the high yield of biodiesel produced. Homogeneous catalyst however requires tedious additional step to separate from the...

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Main Author:	Jamil, Nurfarahen
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2015
Subjects:	Q Science (General)
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10930/1/Nurfarah.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.10930
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-unimas-ir.109302023-05-24T02:31:11Z Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production 2015 Jamil, Nurfarahen Q Science (General) Biodiesel is an alternative energy source for diesel fuel. The utilisation of homogeneous catalyst such as sodium hydroxide in biodiesel production is commonly employed due to the high yield of biodiesel produced. Homogeneous catalyst however requires tedious additional step to separate from the reaction product. In this study, calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from mussel’s shells while rice husk ash was developed as a catalyst support to produce solid base catalysts (WSBC & GSBC) and solid acid catalysts (WSAC & GSAC), which prepared via chemical activation using NaOH and H2SO4, respectively. The catalysts were characterised using XRD, BET, SEM, and EDX analysis. The feedstock used in this study is a by-product from palm oil refining factory namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Due to the high FFA in PFAD, CaO was not suitable to be used in the direct transesterification reaction. PFAD underwent a two-step reaction, which is esterification using WSAC and GSAC followed by transesterification using WSBC and GSBC. Esterification of PFAD was performed in the ratio of MeOH:PFAD (1:1) in 2 h to afford 93 wt% yield of esterified PFAD. Transesterification of the esterified PFAD was performed in MeOH:esterified PFAD (1:1) in 30 min to produce PFAD biodiesel with 99.7% biodiesel conversion yield. The base supported catalysts have showed higher biodiesel conversion than CaO in the transesterification reaction. The biodiesel produced from PFAD possess similar properties with diesel fuel such as energy content (CV), thus exhibit greater potential to become one of the important energy sources in the future. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2015 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10930/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10930/1/Nurfarah.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Q Science (General)
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) Jamil, Nurfarahen Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
description	Biodiesel is an alternative energy source for diesel fuel. The utilisation of homogeneous catalyst such as sodium hydroxide in biodiesel production is commonly employed due to the high yield of biodiesel produced. Homogeneous catalyst however requires tedious additional step to separate from the reaction product. In this study, calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from mussel’s shells while rice husk ash was developed as a catalyst support to produce solid base catalysts (WSBC & GSBC) and solid acid catalysts (WSAC & GSAC), which prepared via chemical activation using NaOH and H2SO4, respectively. The catalysts were characterised using XRD, BET, SEM, and EDX analysis. The feedstock used in this study is a by-product from palm oil refining factory namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Due to the high FFA in PFAD, CaO was not suitable to be used in the direct transesterification reaction. PFAD underwent a two-step reaction, which is esterification using WSAC and GSAC followed by transesterification using WSBC and GSBC. Esterification of PFAD was performed in the ratio of MeOH:PFAD (1:1) in 2 h to afford 93 wt% yield of esterified PFAD. Transesterification of the esterified PFAD was performed in MeOH:esterified PFAD (1:1) in 30 min to produce PFAD biodiesel with 99.7% biodiesel conversion yield. The base supported catalysts have showed higher biodiesel conversion than CaO in the transesterification reaction. The biodiesel produced from PFAD possess similar properties with diesel fuel such as energy content (CV), thus exhibit greater potential to become one of the important energy sources in the future.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Jamil, Nurfarahen
author_facet	Jamil, Nurfarahen
author_sort	Jamil, Nurfarahen
title	Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
title_short	Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
title_full	Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
title_fullStr	Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
title_full_unstemmed	Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production
title_sort	heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (pfad) biodiesel production
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Resources Science and Technology
publishDate	2015
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/10930/1/Nurfarah.pdf
_version_	1783728089371508736

Heterogeneous catalyst with modified rice husk catalyst support from natural resources for palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) biodiesel production

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