Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the economically important tropical trees for many countries around the world including Malaysia. Cocoa is the main ingredient to produce chocolate. The objectives of this study were to develop a somatic embryogenesis protocol for local cocoa clones plantlets...

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Main Author:	Norhashimah, Abdul Razak
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2016
Subjects:	Q Science (General)
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/25005/1/Norhashimah%20Abdul%20Razak%20ft.pdf
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.250052023-05-19T07:26:46Z Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.) 2016 Norhashimah, Abdul Razak Q Science (General) Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the economically important tropical trees for many countries around the world including Malaysia. Cocoa is the main ingredient to produce chocolate. The objectives of this study were to develop a somatic embryogenesis protocol for local cocoa clones plantlets by using floral explant, to determine the selected local cocoa clones most responsive towards development of somatic embryogenesis and to regenerate cocoa plantlets from secondary embryos as well as to evaluate the acclimatization of cocoa plantlets into ex vitro condition. Initially, 12 local clones were selected randomly from four different classes of cocoa clones. Cocoa flowers were collected at Cocoa Research and Development Centre, Kota Samarahan. Staminodes derived from unopened and immature cocoa flowers and cultured on two different media (Penn State versus Nestlé) for primary embryogenesis. Secondary embryogenesis was pursued by cultures the cotyledons from previous primary embryos as the explant sources on different media to compare their performance. During this stage, the experiment was conducted for 10 clones with exception for MCB C5 and KKM 19 due to very low primary embryos produced. Somatic embryogenesis production of cocoa cultures on different media gave various responses. For primary embryogenesis, Nestlé medium significantly displayed better response with 11 out of 12 clones able to develop primary embryos, while Penn State medium able to induce primary embryos for 7 clones only. For secondary somatic embryogenesis, there was no significant difference between both media. Both media were successfully developed secondary embryos for all ten clones tested. There was significant difference in the primary somatic embryogenesis among 12 clones studied. MCB C8 recorded the highest mean percentage compared to other clones. However, two clones MCB C5 and KKM 19 recorded very low production of primary embryos. There was significantly difference in the secondary embryogenesis among 10 clones tested. Out of 10 clones, PBC 130 displayed the highest percentage production of secondary somatic embryos. However, all clones multiplied rapidly during secondary embryogenesis. MCB C2 recorded low production in both primary and secondary embryogenesis. No significant difference found between two different media for maturation and conversion of secondary embryos into plantlets (Penn State versus Nestlé). However, all five cocoa clones expressed varied response in the media tested. MCB C8 and KKM 22 displayed among the highest rate of conversion embryos into plantlets. In acclimatization study of cocoa somatic embryos-derived plantlets, PBC 130 showed better adaptation with ex vitro conditions with the highest percentage of survived plantlets with 48.33% while PBC 230 displayed the lowest percentage of survived plantlets with 18.33%. However, the rate of survived plantlets was considered low with below than 50%. Overall findings indicated that different media used and cocoa clones mainly influenced the somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of cocoa somatic embryo-derived plantlets. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) 2016 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/25005/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/25005/1/Norhashimah%20Abdul%20Razak%20ft.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Q Science (General)
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) Norhashimah, Abdul Razak Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
description	Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the economically important tropical trees for many countries around the world including Malaysia. Cocoa is the main ingredient to produce chocolate. The objectives of this study were to develop a somatic embryogenesis protocol for local cocoa clones plantlets by using floral explant, to determine the selected local cocoa clones most responsive towards development of somatic embryogenesis and to regenerate cocoa plantlets from secondary embryos as well as to evaluate the acclimatization of cocoa plantlets into ex vitro condition. Initially, 12 local clones were selected randomly from four different classes of cocoa clones. Cocoa flowers were collected at Cocoa Research and Development Centre, Kota Samarahan. Staminodes derived from unopened and immature cocoa flowers and cultured on two different media (Penn State versus Nestlé) for primary embryogenesis. Secondary embryogenesis was pursued by cultures the cotyledons from previous primary embryos as the explant sources on different media to compare their performance. During this stage, the experiment was conducted for 10 clones with exception for MCB C5 and KKM 19 due to very low primary embryos produced. Somatic embryogenesis production of cocoa cultures on different media gave various responses. For primary embryogenesis, Nestlé medium significantly displayed better response with 11 out of 12 clones able to develop primary embryos, while Penn State medium able to induce primary embryos for 7 clones only. For secondary somatic embryogenesis, there was no significant difference between both media. Both media were successfully developed secondary embryos for all ten clones tested. There was significant difference in the primary somatic embryogenesis among 12 clones studied. MCB C8 recorded the highest mean percentage compared to other clones. However, two clones MCB C5 and KKM 19 recorded very low production of primary embryos. There was significantly difference in the secondary embryogenesis among 10 clones tested. Out of 10 clones, PBC 130 displayed the highest percentage production of secondary somatic embryos. However, all clones multiplied rapidly during secondary embryogenesis. MCB C2 recorded low production in both primary and secondary embryogenesis. No significant difference found between two different media for maturation and conversion of secondary embryos into plantlets (Penn State versus Nestlé). However, all five cocoa clones expressed varied response in the media tested. MCB C8 and KKM 22 displayed among the highest rate of conversion embryos into plantlets. In acclimatization study of cocoa somatic embryos-derived plantlets, PBC 130 showed better adaptation with ex vitro conditions with the highest percentage of survived plantlets with 48.33% while PBC 230 displayed the lowest percentage of survived plantlets with 18.33%. However, the rate of survived plantlets was considered low with below than 50%. Overall findings indicated that different media used and cocoa clones mainly influenced the somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of cocoa somatic embryo-derived plantlets.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Norhashimah, Abdul Razak
author_facet	Norhashimah, Abdul Razak
author_sort	Norhashimah, Abdul Razak
title	Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
title_short	Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
title_full	Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
title_fullStr	Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
title_full_unstemmed	Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)
title_sort	somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected malaysian cocoa clone (theobroma cacao l.)
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2016
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/25005/1/Norhashimah%20Abdul%20Razak%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728287570198528

Somatic embryogensesis and plant regeneration in selected Malaysian cocoa clone (Theobroma cacao L.)

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