Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division

Waterborne parasites are associated with numerous gastrointestinal disease outbreaks worldwide. Despite being treated at water treatment plants, waterborne parasites are resistant to conventional water treatments and persistent in the treated water for public uses. The safety of water supply in Sara...

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Main Author:	Ahmad Syatir, Tahar
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	QR Microbiology
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/26327/1/Ahmad%20Syatir%20Bin%20Tahar%20ft.pdf
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institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	QR Microbiology QR Microbiology
spellingShingle	QR Microbiology QR Microbiology Ahmad Syatir, Tahar Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
description	Waterborne parasites are associated with numerous gastrointestinal disease outbreaks worldwide. Despite being treated at water treatment plants, waterborne parasites are resistant to conventional water treatments and persistent in the treated water for public uses. The safety of water supply in Sarawak towards waterborne parasites, including for the public or small community, has not been determined thus far. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water of Batu Kitang, Bau and Siniawan drinking water treatment plants, Tringgus catchment area and a rural village (Bong Village) in Bau. A total of 69 raw and treated water samples were collected from Batu Kitang, Bau and Siniawan Water Treatment Plants, Tringgus catchment area, Bong Village rural settlement. Water samples were also collected at each sampling site and analysed for faecal coliform analysis. Moreover, physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and total dissolved solids) were also recorded on-site and 24-hour antecedent rainfall intensity was recorded. The 10-L water samples were processed with aluminium sulphate flocculation and sucrose floatation method. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected using Aqua-GloTM G/C Direct, FL kit and diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, while other parasites were detected using Lugol’s iodine staining. Overall, six species of waterborne parasites were found in the raw water from all water treatment plants which were Cryptosporidium (11.11%; 2/18 samples), Giardia (11.11%; 2/18), hookworm (11.11%; 2/18), Ascaris (11.11%; 2/18), Schistosoma (5.56%; 1/18) and nematode larvae (16.67%; 3/18), whilst three species of parasites were found in the treated water which were Cryptosporidium (16.67%; 3/18), Enterobius (5.56%; 1/18) and nematode larvae (11.11%; 2/18). Whereas, two species of parasites were found in samples from Tringgus catchment which were Cryptosporidium (50%; 6/12) and Giardia (8.33%; 1/12). At Bong Village, three species were detected which were Cryptosporidium (9.52%; 2/21) Giardia (4.76%; 1/21) and Clonorchis (9.52%; 2/21). Based on the correlation analysis, no correlations were found between parasite occurrence with the parameters (i.e. physicochemical parameters, faecal coliform concentration and rainfall intensity), except Cryptosporidium was found positively correlated with dissolved oxygen of the water (Tb = 0.206; P<0.05) and negatively correlated with rainfall intensity (Tb = - 0.185; P<0.01), Giardia was found positively correlated with pH (Tb = -0.166; P<0.01), while nematode larvae was found positively correlated with turbidity (Tb = 0.185; P<0.01) and faecal coliform concentration of the water (Tb = 0.181; P<0.01). The finding of this study revealed the presence of waterborne parasites in the water for public uses. As a recommendation for future studies, species and genotypes of the parasites especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be focused molecularly to assess the risk of human contracting the infections. Based on this study, there is a need to include waterborne parasites as one of monitoring parameters in the current Malaysia Drinking Water Quality Standard. Risk management control studies such as the sources of contamination to the water bodies (e.g. nearby animal husbandry) involved in the water production by treatment facilities should be carried out in order to contain the waterborne parasites outbreak. Furthermore, public awareness and health intervention for the community must be taken into consideration as one of the measures to prevent such outbreaks.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ahmad Syatir, Tahar
author_facet	Ahmad Syatir, Tahar
author_sort	Ahmad Syatir, Tahar
title	Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
title_short	Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
title_full	Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
title_fullStr	Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
title_full_unstemmed	Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division
title_sort	distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in kuching division
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2019
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/26327/1/Ahmad%20Syatir%20Bin%20Tahar%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728310050619392
spelling	my-unimas-ir.263272023-03-07T05:00:49Z Distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water from the selected water sources in Kuching Division 2019-08-07 Ahmad Syatir, Tahar QR Microbiology RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine Waterborne parasites are associated with numerous gastrointestinal disease outbreaks worldwide. Despite being treated at water treatment plants, waterborne parasites are resistant to conventional water treatments and persistent in the treated water for public uses. The safety of water supply in Sarawak towards waterborne parasites, including for the public or small community, has not been determined thus far. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of waterborne parasites in raw and treated water of Batu Kitang, Bau and Siniawan drinking water treatment plants, Tringgus catchment area and a rural village (Bong Village) in Bau. A total of 69 raw and treated water samples were collected from Batu Kitang, Bau and Siniawan Water Treatment Plants, Tringgus catchment area, Bong Village rural settlement. Water samples were also collected at each sampling site and analysed for faecal coliform analysis. Moreover, physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and total dissolved solids) were also recorded on-site and 24-hour antecedent rainfall intensity was recorded. The 10-L water samples were processed with aluminium sulphate flocculation and sucrose floatation method. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected using Aqua-GloTM G/C Direct, FL kit and diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining, while other parasites were detected using Lugol’s iodine staining. Overall, six species of waterborne parasites were found in the raw water from all water treatment plants which were Cryptosporidium (11.11%; 2/18 samples), Giardia (11.11%; 2/18), hookworm (11.11%; 2/18), Ascaris (11.11%; 2/18), Schistosoma (5.56%; 1/18) and nematode larvae (16.67%; 3/18), whilst three species of parasites were found in the treated water which were Cryptosporidium (16.67%; 3/18), Enterobius (5.56%; 1/18) and nematode larvae (11.11%; 2/18). Whereas, two species of parasites were found in samples from Tringgus catchment which were Cryptosporidium (50%; 6/12) and Giardia (8.33%; 1/12). At Bong Village, three species were detected which were Cryptosporidium (9.52%; 2/21) Giardia (4.76%; 1/21) and Clonorchis (9.52%; 2/21). Based on the correlation analysis, no correlations were found between parasite occurrence with the parameters (i.e. physicochemical parameters, faecal coliform concentration and rainfall intensity), except Cryptosporidium was found positively correlated with dissolved oxygen of the water (Tb = 0.206; P<0.05) and negatively correlated with rainfall intensity (Tb = - 0.185; P<0.01), Giardia was found positively correlated with pH (Tb = -0.166; P<0.01), while nematode larvae was found positively correlated with turbidity (Tb = 0.185; P<0.01) and faecal coliform concentration of the water (Tb = 0.181; P<0.01). The finding of this study revealed the presence of waterborne parasites in the water for public uses. As a recommendation for future studies, species and genotypes of the parasites especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia should be focused molecularly to assess the risk of human contracting the infections. Based on this study, there is a need to include waterborne parasites as one of monitoring parameters in the current Malaysia Drinking Water Quality Standard. Risk management control studies such as the sources of contamination to the water bodies (e.g. nearby animal husbandry) involved in the water production by treatment facilities should be carried out in order to contain the waterborne parasites outbreak. Furthermore, public awareness and health intervention for the community must be taken into consideration as one of the measures to prevent such outbreaks. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2019-08 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/26327/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/26327/1/Ahmad%20Syatir%20Bin%20Tahar%20ft.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Abdulsalam, A. M., Ithoi, I., Al–Mekhlafi, H. M., Ahmed, A., Surin, J., & Mak, J. W. (2012). 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