Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications

In this study, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was synthesized by reacting native sago starch with sodium monochloroacetate through single-step etherification reaction. Synthesis conditions such as reaction temperature, concentration of sodium hydroxide, amount of etherifying agent such as sodium monochl...

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Main Author:	Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Q Science (General) QD Chemistry
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/27529/2/Nurfarahin.pdf
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.275292023-04-19T07:27:27Z Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications 2019-09-29 Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali Q Science (General) QD Chemistry In this study, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was synthesized by reacting native sago starch with sodium monochloroacetate through single-step etherification reaction. Synthesis conditions such as reaction temperature, concentration of sodium hydroxide, amount of etherifying agent such as sodium monochloroacetate and reaction time of carboxymethylation were used to achieve the highest degree of substitution (DS) value of CMS. The preparation of CMS was carried out in the form of nanoparticles and hydrogel membrane while their physicochemical characteristics were studied for the potential application as drug delivery carrier. The fabrication of CMS nanoparticles was carried out by using simple nanoprecipitation and microemulsion techniques with the aid of sonication process. CMS nanoparticles with the mean particle size of 137 nm were directly obtained using sonication aided nano-precipitation technique. CMS nanoparticles showed to exhibit a lower swell ability characteristic in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.4 which can be explained by longer paracetamol release rate within 28 hours. In comparison, drug release rate of paracetamol was observed to be faster in higher pH value of pH 8.6 which also governed by the deionization activity that encourage matrix swelling of the nanoparticles, while a fair proliferation of paracetamol release rate was observed within 23 hours in simulated blood and saliva fluid at pH 7.4 . In addition, the role of CMS / PVA hydrogel as a potential drug carrier membrane was elucidated in this study. The physical entrapment of penicillin G onto hydrogel matrix was achieved at 16 mg/g and the mechanism of drug release was described. It was revealed that the controlled release of drug penicillin G from the CMS hydrogel undergoes Zero Order and Hixson – Crowell kinetics which prevailed by the erosion of mesoporous hydrogel occurred progressively with time. Besides, this biodegradable hydrogel characteristic can be further utilized as the potential application in green transdermal drug delivery without the usage of any harsh chemicals. This study also demonstrated that the fabrication of CMS materials can be achieved in the facile and environmentally friendly system. Keywords: pH-responsive, carboxymethyl starch nanoparticles, carboxymethyl starch hydrogel, drug delivery Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2019-09 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/27529/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/27529/2/Nurfarahin.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Q Science (General) QD Chemistry
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) QD Chemistry Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
description	In this study, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was synthesized by reacting native sago starch with sodium monochloroacetate through single-step etherification reaction. Synthesis conditions such as reaction temperature, concentration of sodium hydroxide, amount of etherifying agent such as sodium monochloroacetate and reaction time of carboxymethylation were used to achieve the highest degree of substitution (DS) value of CMS. The preparation of CMS was carried out in the form of nanoparticles and hydrogel membrane while their physicochemical characteristics were studied for the potential application as drug delivery carrier. The fabrication of CMS nanoparticles was carried out by using simple nanoprecipitation and microemulsion techniques with the aid of sonication process. CMS nanoparticles with the mean particle size of 137 nm were directly obtained using sonication aided nano-precipitation technique. CMS nanoparticles showed to exhibit a lower swell ability characteristic in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.4 which can be explained by longer paracetamol release rate within 28 hours. In comparison, drug release rate of paracetamol was observed to be faster in higher pH value of pH 8.6 which also governed by the deionization activity that encourage matrix swelling of the nanoparticles, while a fair proliferation of paracetamol release rate was observed within 23 hours in simulated blood and saliva fluid at pH 7.4 . In addition, the role of CMS / PVA hydrogel as a potential drug carrier membrane was elucidated in this study. The physical entrapment of penicillin G onto hydrogel matrix was achieved at 16 mg/g and the mechanism of drug release was described. It was revealed that the controlled release of drug penicillin G from the CMS hydrogel undergoes Zero Order and Hixson – Crowell kinetics which prevailed by the erosion of mesoporous hydrogel occurred progressively with time. Besides, this biodegradable hydrogel characteristic can be further utilized as the potential application in green transdermal drug delivery without the usage of any harsh chemicals. This study also demonstrated that the fabrication of CMS materials can be achieved in the facile and environmentally friendly system. Keywords: pH-responsive, carboxymethyl starch nanoparticles, carboxymethyl starch hydrogel, drug delivery
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali
author_facet	Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali
author_sort	Nurfarahin, Yusop @ Ghazali
title	Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
title_short	Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
title_full	Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
title_fullStr	Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications
title_sort	synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl starch for drug delivery applications
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2019
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/27529/2/Nurfarahin.pdf
_version_	1783728344567644160

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Starch for Drug Delivery Applications

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