Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak

The present study investigated the school-aged bullying history among university students in Sarawak and its relationship with depressive, PTSD symptoms and resilience. Cross-sectional design was adopted and 499 university students (Mage = 19.52, SD = 1.58) participated in this study with 72.1% (n =...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Noraskin, Binti Pauzi
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2020
Subjects:	BF Psychology
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29023/5/Noraskin.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-unimas-ir.29023
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	BF Psychology
spellingShingle	BF Psychology Noraskin, Binti Pauzi Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
description	The present study investigated the school-aged bullying history among university students in Sarawak and its relationship with depressive, PTSD symptoms and resilience. Cross-sectional design was adopted and 499 university students (Mage = 19.52, SD = 1.58) participated in this study with 72.1% (n = 360) were females and 27.9% (n = 139) males. Results indicated high prevalence of bullying history, 38.1% (n = 190); 21.4% (n = 107) identified as victims, 9.4% (n = 47) bullies (perpetrators) and 7.2% (n = 36) bully-victims (both being perpetrators and victims). Result shows no significant association between bullying history and type of schools attended. Participants with bullying history who previously attended boarding schools scored significantly higher in depressive and PTSD symptoms as compared to those who previously attended non-boarding schools. Resilience and its relationship with depressive and PTSD symptoms revealed no significant relationship among university students with the history of school-aged bullying. Based on the present finding, school-aged bullying history is one of the potentially traumatic events which frequently happened both in the boarding and non-boarding schools. The present finding contributed to the knowledge on the risk of resided in the hostel dorm with the history of school-aged bullying leads to the development of depressive and PTSD symptoms. Resilience does not play significant factor in minimizing the depressive and PTSD symptoms among students with bullying history, instead it might play important role in protecting students from dropping out of school or perform academic poorly. Prevention and intervention plans are needed to prevent school bullying from getting worse. Keywords: School-aged bullying, depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Noraskin, Binti Pauzi
author_facet	Noraskin, Binti Pauzi
author_sort	Noraskin, Binti Pauzi
title	Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
title_short	Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
title_full	Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
title_fullStr	Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
title_full_unstemmed	Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak
title_sort	depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience in relation to school-aged bullying history among university students in sarawak
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
publishDate	2020
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29023/5/Noraskin.pdf
_version_	1783728367339569152
spelling	my-unimas-ir.290232023-04-18T03:15:34Z Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak 2020-02-18 Noraskin, Binti Pauzi BF Psychology The present study investigated the school-aged bullying history among university students in Sarawak and its relationship with depressive, PTSD symptoms and resilience. Cross-sectional design was adopted and 499 university students (Mage = 19.52, SD = 1.58) participated in this study with 72.1% (n = 360) were females and 27.9% (n = 139) males. Results indicated high prevalence of bullying history, 38.1% (n = 190); 21.4% (n = 107) identified as victims, 9.4% (n = 47) bullies (perpetrators) and 7.2% (n = 36) bully-victims (both being perpetrators and victims). Result shows no significant association between bullying history and type of schools attended. Participants with bullying history who previously attended boarding schools scored significantly higher in depressive and PTSD symptoms as compared to those who previously attended non-boarding schools. Resilience and its relationship with depressive and PTSD symptoms revealed no significant relationship among university students with the history of school-aged bullying. Based on the present finding, school-aged bullying history is one of the potentially traumatic events which frequently happened both in the boarding and non-boarding schools. The present finding contributed to the knowledge on the risk of resided in the hostel dorm with the history of school-aged bullying leads to the development of depressive and PTSD symptoms. Resilience does not play significant factor in minimizing the depressive and PTSD symptoms among students with bullying history, instead it might play important role in protecting students from dropping out of school or perform academic poorly. Prevention and intervention plans are needed to prevent school bullying from getting worse. Keywords: School-aged bullying, depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2020-02 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29023/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29023/5/Noraskin.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Adams, F. D., & Lawrence, G. J. (2011). Bullying victims: The effects last into college. American Secondary Education, 40(1), 4-14. Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., Aloba, O. O., Mapayi, B. M., & Oginni, O. O. (2006). Depression amongst Nigerian university students. Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 41(8), 674-678. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA. Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: Much ado about nothing? Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 717-729. Atwoli, L., Ayuku, D., Hogan, J., Koech, J., Vreeman, R. C., Ayaya, S., & Braitstein, P. (2014). Impact of domestic care environment on trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder among orphans in Western Kenya. PLOS ONE, 9(3), e89937-e89944. Auma-Okumu, S. S. (2012). Bullying in secondary schools: Bullies, victims and school interventions. East African Researcher, 2(2), 19-34. Bantjes, J. R., Kagee, A., McGowan, T., & Steel, H. (2016). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety as predictors of suicidal ideation among South African university students. Journal of American College Health, 64(6), 429-437. Berger, K. S. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27, 90-126. Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379-1391. Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: Evidence of an environmental effect. Journal for Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 809-817. Brank, E. M., Hoetger, L. A., & Hazen, K. P. (2012). Bullying. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8, 213-230. Catterson, J., & Hunter, S. C. (2010). Cognitive mediators of the effect of peer-victimization on loneliness. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 403-416. Chambless, C. B. (2010). Long-term effects of bullying: Exploring the relationships among recalled experiences with bullying, current coping resources, and reported symptoms of distress (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia. Chapell, M. S., Hasselman, S. L., Kitchin, T., Lomon, S. N., MacIver, K. W., & Sarullo, P. L. (2006). Bullying in elementary school, high school and college. Adolescence, 41(164), 633-648. Chen, Y. Y., & Elklit, A. (2018). Exposure to bullying among adolescents across nine countries. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(1), 121-127. Chui, W. H., & Chan, H. C. O. (2014). Self-control, school bullying perpetration, and victimization among Macanese adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1751-1761. Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(10), 793-803. Conners-Burrow, N. A., Johnson, D. L., Whiteside-Mansell, L., McKelvey, L., & Gargus, R. A. (2009). Adults matter: Protecting children from the negative impacts of bullying. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), 593-604. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419-426. Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., . . . & Pickett, W. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54(2), 216-224. Davidson, L. M., & Demaray, M. K. (2007). Social support as a moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 383-405. Deb, S., Parveen, B., Thomas, S., Vardhan, R. V., Rao, P. T., & Khawaja, N. (2016). Depression among Indian university students and its association with perceived university academic environment, living arrangements and personal issues. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 108-117. Dempsey, A. G., & Storch, E. A. (2008). Relational victimization: The association between recalled adolescent social experiences and emotional adjustment in early adulthood. Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 310-322. Elklit, A., & Petersen, T. (2008). Exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in four nations. Torture: Quarterly Journal on Rehabilitation of Torture Victims and Prevention of Torture, 18(1), 2–11. Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2013). Suicidal ideation and school bullying experiences after controlling for depression and delinquency. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 27-31. Estevez, E., Murgui, S., & Musitu, G. (2009). Psychological adjustment in bullies and victims of school violence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(4), 473-483. Farrington, D. P. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381-458. Farrington, D., & Baldry, A. (2010). Individual risk factors for school bullying. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 2(1), 4-16. Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., & Losel, F. (2011). School bullying and later criminal offending. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 21(2), 77-79. Fleming, L. C., & Jacobsen, K. H. (2009). Bullying and symptoms of depression in Chilean middle school students. Journal of School Health, 79(3), 130-137. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological Resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. (1988). The relationship between coping and emotions: Implications for theory and research. Social Science & Medicine, 26, 309-317. Frazier, P., Anders, S., Perera, S., Tomich, P. L., Tennen, H., Park, C., & Tashiro, T. (2009). Traumatic events among undergraduate students: Prevalence and associated symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 450-460. Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. Recent Research in Developmental Psychopathology, 4, 213-233. Garner, I. W., & Boulton, M. J. (2016). Adolescent’s unambiguous knowledge of overcoming bullying and developing resilience. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools & Early Intervention, 9(2), 199-207. Garner, P. W., & Hinton, T. S. (2010). Emotional display rules and emotion self-regulation: Associations with bullying and victimization in community-based after school programs. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 20(6), 480-496. Gerson, R., & Rappaport, N. (2013). Traumatic stress and posttraumatic stress disorder in youth: Recent research findings on clinical impact, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), 137-143. Ghazali, S. R., Elklit, A., Balang, R. V., & Chen, Y. Y. (2016). Concurrent validity and exploratory factor analysis of the Malay version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CESD) among Malaysian adolescents. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 71-78. Glew, G. M., Fan, M. Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F. P., & Kernic, M. A. (2005). Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(11), 1026-1031. Hawker, D. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(4), 441-455. Hj Khalid, M. (2007). Tingkah Laku Buli dalam Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama di Sarawak (Unpublished master's thesis). Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor. Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2011). The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(4), 314-321. Holt, M. K., & Espelage, D. L. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), 984-994. Holt, T. J., Turner, M. G., & Exum, M. L. (2014). The impact of self-control and neighborhood disorder on bullying victimization. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(4), 347-355. Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 901-911. Iossi Silva, M. A., Pereira, B., Mendonca, D., Nunes, B., & Oliveira, W. A. D. (2013). The involvement of girls and boys with bullying: An analysis of gender differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(12), 6820-6831. Isaac, J., Hodges, E. V., & Salmivalli, C. (2008). Long-term consequences of victimization by peers: A follow-up from adolescence to young adulthood. International Journal of Developmental Science, 2(4), 387-397. Isolan, L., Salum, G. A., Osowski, A. T., Zottis, G. H., & Manfro, G. G. (2013). Victims and bully-victims but not bullies are groups associated with anxiety symptomatology among Brazilian children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(10), 641-648. Ito, M., Nakajima, S., Shirai, A., & Kim, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural validity of the Connor-Davidson Scale: Data from Japanese population. Poster presented at 25th Annual Meeting, International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS), Atlanta, GA. Jamir, T., & Devi, N. P. (2014). The relationship between bullying victimization, self-esteem and depression among school going adolescents. International Journal in Management and Social Science, 2(12), 477-489. Jeong, S., Davis, J., & Han, Y. (2015). Who becomes more violent among Korean adolescents? Consequences of victimization in school. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 25(2), 141-155. Kaltiala-Heino, R., Frojd, S., & Marttunen, M. (2010). Involvement in bullying and depression in a two-year follow-up in middle adolescence. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 45-55. Karatuna, I., & Gok, S. (2014). A study analyzing the association between post-traumatic embitterment disorder and workplace bullying. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 29(2), 127-142. Kaur, J., Cheong, S. M., Naidu, B. M., Kaur, G., Manickam, M. A., Noor, M. M., & Rosman, A. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of depression among adolescents in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 26(5), 53-62. Kelleher, I., Harley, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Fitzpatrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2008). Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 378-382. Kevorkian, M., & D'Antona, R. (2008). 101 facts about bullying: What everyone should know. Retrieved from http://books.google.com. Khamis, V. (2015). Bullying among school-age children in the greater Beirut area: Risk and protective factors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 39, 137-146. Kim, Y. S., Koh, Y., & Leventhal, B. L. (2004). Prevalence of school bullying in Korean middle school students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(8), 737-741. Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., & Gould, M. (2010). The association of suicide and bullying in childhood to young adulthood: A review of cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(5), 282-288. Klomek, A. B., Kleinman, M., Altschuler, E., Marrocco, F., Amakawa, L., & Gould, M. S. (2013). Suicidal adolescents’ experiences with bullying perpetration and victimization during high school as risk factors for later depression and suicidality. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 37-42. Kshirsagar, V. Y., Agarwal, R., & Bavdekar, S. B. (2007). Bullying in schools: Prevalence and short-term impact. Indian Pediatrics, 44(1), 25-28. Lawler, C., Ouimette, P., & Dahlstedt, D. (2005). Posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping, and physical health status among university students seeking health care. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(6), 741-750. Ledley, D. R., Storch, E. A., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Moser, J., & Bravata, E. A. (2006). The relationship between childhood teasing and later interpersonal functioning. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28(1), 33-40. Lester, L., & Mander, D. (2015). The role of social, emotional and mental wellbeing on bullying victimization and perpetration of secondary school boarders. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 25(2), 152-169. Lester, L., Mander, D. J., & Cross, D. (2015). Bullying behaviour following students’ transition to a secondary boarding school context. International Journal of Adolescence Health, 8(2), 141-150. Liang, H., Flisher, A. J., & Lombard, C. J. (2007). Bullying, violence and risk behavior in South African school students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 161-171. Marini, Z. A., Dane, A. V., Bosacki, S. L., & Cura, Y. (2006). Direct and indirect bully-victims: Differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 32(6), 551-569. Mccabe, R. E., Miller, J. L., Laugesen, N., Antony, M. M., & Young, L. (2010). The relationship between anxiety disorders in adults and recalled childhood teasing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(2), 238-243. Mikolajczyk, R. T., Maxwell, A. E., Naydenova, V., Meier, S., & El Ansari, W. (2008). Depressive symptoms and perceived burdens related to being a student: Survey in three European countries. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 4(1), 19-27. Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevelance across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602-611. Myers, B. J., Mackintosh, V. H., Kuznetsova, M. I., Lotze, G. M., Best, A. M., & Ravindran, N. (2013). Teasing, bullying, and emotion regulation in children of incarcerated mothers. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(3), 26-40. Narayanan, A., & Betts, L. R. (2014). Bullying behaviors and victimization experiences among adolescent students: The role of resilience. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 175(2), 134-146. National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Indicators of school crime and safety: U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved on January 15, 2018, from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017064.pdf. Ndetei, D. M., Ongecha, F. A., Khasakhala, L., Syanda, J., Mutiso, V., Othieno, C. J., Odhiambo, G., & Kokonya, D. A. (2007). Bullying in public secondary schools in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 45-55. Neff, L. A., & Broady, E. F. (2011). Stress resilience in early marriage: Can practice make perfect? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(5), 1050-1067. Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., & Mageroy, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 17-24. Obrdalj, E. C., Sesar, K., Santic, Z., Klaric, M., Sesar, I., & Rumboldt, M. (2013). Trauma symptoms in pupils involved in school bullying: A cross sectional study conducted in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Collegium Antropologicum, 37(1), 11-16. Olweus, D. (1983). Low school achievement and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys. In D. Magnusson, & D. Allens (Eds.), Human development: An interactional perspective (pp. 353-365). New York: Academic. Olweus, D. (1996). Bullying at school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 794(1), 265-276. Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: Facts and intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 495-510. Olweus, D. (2001, March 1). Bullying at school: Tackling the problem. Retrieved from http://oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/434/Bullying_at_school:_tackling_th. Ong, W., Elliott, J. M., Appadoo, C., & Tan, B. J. (2010). Young adults' recall of school bullying. Jurong, Singapore: Singapore Children's Society. Overbeek, G., Zeevalkink, H., Vermulst, A., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2010). Peer victimization, self-esteem, and ego resilience types in adolescents: A prospective analysis of person-context interactions. Social Development, 19(2), 270-284. Pegolo de Albuquerque, P., & Williams, L. C. D. A. (2015). Predictor variables of PTSD symptoms in school victimization: A retrospective study with college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(10), 1067-1085. Perren, S., Dooley, J., Shaw, T., & Cross, D. (2010). Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 4(1), 28-38. Pfeiffer, J. P., & Pinquart, M. (2014). Bullying in German boarding schools: A pilot study. School Psychology International, 35(6), 580-591. Pontzer, D. (2010). A theoretical test of bullying behavior: Parenting, personality and the bully/victim relationship. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 259-273. Pouwelse, M., Bolman, C., Lodewijkx, H., & Spaa, M. (2011). Gender differences and social support: Mediators or moderators between peer victimization and depressive feelings? Psychology in the Schools, 48(8), 800-814. Quinn, A. H. (2015). The moderating effect of resilience factors on bully victimization and subsequent psychological adjustment problems among adolescent girls (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Antioch University Seattle, Seattle, Washington. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. Rigby, K., & Slee, P. T. (1993). Dimensions of interpersonal relation among Australian children and implications for psychological well-being. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(1), 33-42. Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in schools and what to do about it. Retrieved from http://books.google.com. Rivers, I. (2004). Recollections of bullying at school and their long-term implications for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Crisis, 25(4), 169-175. Rothon, C., Head, J., Klineberg, E., & Stansfeld, S. (2011). Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 579-588. Saibon, J. S., Rashid, R. A. A., Ali, A. J., & Abdullah, S. M. S. (2012). Enhancing school children’s knowledge and awareness on bullying through the 2Bs program. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 47(15), 68-70. Said, D., Kypri, K., & Bowman, J. (2013). Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: Findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 48(6), 935-944. Salleh, N. M., & Zainal, K. (2014). Bullying among secondary school students in Malaysia: A case study. International Education Studies, 7(13), 184-191. Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112-120. Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), 1-15. Sapouna, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Resilience to bullying victimization: The role of individual, family and peer characteristics. Child Abuse and Neglect, 37, 997-1006. Schafer, M., Stefan, K., Smith, P., Hunter, S., Mora-Merchan, J., Singer, M., & van der Meulen, K. (2004). Lonely in the crowd: Recollections of bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 379-394. Schofield, M. J., O'Halloran, P., McLean, S. A., Forrester-Knauss, C., & Paxton, S. J. (2016). Depressive symptoms among Australian university students: Who is at risk? Australian Psychologist, 51(2), 135-144. Seery, M. D. (2011). Resilience: A silver lining to experiencing adverse life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 390-394. Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W. W. S., Shah, S.A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N.A., . . . & Mahadevan, R. (2013). Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), 318-323. Sokratous, S., Merkouris, A., Middleton, N., & Karanikola, M. (2014). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms among Cypriot university students: A cross-sectional descriptive co-relational study. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 235-249. Solberg, M. E., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 239-268. Song, Y., Huang, Y., Liu, D., Kwan, J. S., Zhang, F., Sham, P. C., & Tang, S. W. (2008). Depression in college: Depressive symptoms and personality factors in Beijing and Hong Kong college freshmen. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49(5), 496-502. Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 1-14. Ssenyonga, J., Owens, V., & Olema, D. K. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, resilience and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among refugees. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 144-148. Stadler, C., Feifel, J., Rohrmann, S., Vermeiren, R., & Poustka, F. (2010). Peer-victimization and mental health problems in adolescents: Are parental and school support protective? Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 41(4), 371-386. Stoddard, S. A., Varela, J. J., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015). Future expectations, attitude toward violence and bullying perpetration during early adolescence. Nursing Research, 64(6), 422-433. Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2014). Adult health outcomes of childhood bullying victimization: Evidence from a five-decade longitudinal British birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 777-784. Thelle, D. S., & Laake, P. (2015). Research in medical and biological sciences (2nd ed.). San Diego, United States: Elsevier Science Publishing Company Incorporation. Tomoda, A., Mori, K., Kimura, M., Takahashi, T., & Kitamura, T. (2000). One-year prevalence and incidence of depression among first-year university students in Japan: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 54(5), 583-588. Tsang, S. K. M., Hui, E. K. P., & Law, B. C. M. (2011). Bystander position taking in school bullying: The role of positive identity, self-efficacy and self-determination. The Scientific World Journal, 11, 2278-2286. Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2010). School bullying: Risk factors, theories and interventions. In F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint, & T. H. Bennette (Eds.), Handbook of Crime (pp. 427-457). Cullompton, Devon: Willan. Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Losel, F., & Loeber, R. (2011). Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3(2), 63-73. Uba, I., Yaacob, S. N., & Juhari, R. (2010a). Bullying and its’ relationship with depression among teenagers. Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 15-22. Uba, I., Yaacob, S. N., Juhari, R., & Talib, M. (2010b). Effect of self-esteem on the relationship between depression and bullying among teenagers in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 6(12), 77-85. Unnever, J. D. (2005). Bullies, aggressive victims, and victims: Are they distinct groups? Aggressive Behavior, 31(2), 153-171. Vambheim, V. (2010). Bullying in school: A study of forms and motives of aggression in two secondary schools in the city of Palu, Indonesia. (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Tromso, Norway. van Geel, M., Vedder, P., & Tanilon, J. (2014). Relationship between peer victimization, cyberbullying and suicide in children and adolescents: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(5), 1-8. Vazquez, F. L., & Blanco, V. (2006). Symptoms of depression and related factors among Spanish university students. Psychological Reports, 99(2), 583-590. Vaughn, M. G., Fu, Q., Bender, K., Delisi, M., Beaver, K. M., Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2010). Psychiatric correlates of bullying in the United States: Findings from a national sample. Psychiatric Quarterly, 81(3), 183-195. Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A. J., De Winter, A. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology, 41(4), 672-682. Vernon, L. L., Dillon, J. M., & Steiner, A. R. (2009). Proactive coping, gratitude, and posttraumatic stress disorder in college women. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 22(1), 117-127. Wan Ismail, W. S., Tan, S., Ruzyanei, N., Daud, T., Syamsul, S., Ismail, A., & Zasmani, S. (2009). School bullying amongst standard six students attending primary national schools in the federal territory of KL prevalence and socio-demographic factors. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(1), 5-12. Wan Ismail, W. S., Jaafar, N. R., Sidi, H., Midin, M., & Shah, S. (2014). Why do young adolescents bully? Experience in Malaysian schools. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 114-120. Wang, H., Zhou, X., Lu, C., Wu, J., Deng, X., Hong, L., Gao, X., & He, Y. (2012). Adolescent bullying involvement and psychosocial aspects of family and school life: A cross-sectional study from Guangdong province in China. PLOS ONE, 7(7), 1-10. Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. Wei, H. S., Chang, H. H., & Chen, J. K. (2016). Bullying and victimization among Taiwanese students in special schools. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 63(2), 246-259. World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS). Retrieved on January 2, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/gshs/countries/asian/pdf/2012yseh_factsheet.pdf. Winsper, C., Lereya, T., Zanarini, M., & Wolke, D. (2012). Involvement in bullying and suicide-related behavior at 11 years: A prospective birth control study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 271-282. Yaakub, N. F., Haron, F., & Leong, G. C. (2010). Examining the efficacy of the Olweus prevention programme in reducing bullying: The Malaysian experience. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 595-598. Zheng, Y., Fan, F., Liu, X., & Mo, L. (2012). Life events, coping, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Chinese adolescents exposed to 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. PLoS ONE, 7(1): e29404-e29414. Zhou, Z. K., Liu, Q. Q., Niu, G. F., Sun, X. J., & Fan, C. Y. (2017). Bullying victimization and depression in Chinese children: A moderated mediation model of resilience and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 137-142.

Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience in Relation to School-Aged Bullying History among University Students in Sarawak

Similar Items