OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction

Microwave tomography is the new technology which evaluates buried or embedded objects in a medium by using Electromagnetic (EM) waves. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is a simple and powerful tool used to solve EM problems. It can investigate multiple frequencies without any extra compu...

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Main Author:	Bong, Siaw-Wee
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2020
Subjects:	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29025/1/Bong%20Siaw%20Wee%20ft.pdf
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institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering
spellingShingle	TK Electrical engineering Electronics Nuclear engineering Bong, Siaw-Wee OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
description	Microwave tomography is the new technology which evaluates buried or embedded objects in a medium by using Electromagnetic (EM) waves. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is a simple and powerful tool used to solve EM problems. It can investigate multiple frequencies without any extra computational effort. However, the main drawback of the FDTD method is difficult to exactly generate meshes for electromagnetic structures with curved boundaries and small features due to its restriction to inherent orthogonal grids. To address this issue, the B2-spline or biquadratic spline interpolation technique for Overset Grid Generation and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (OGG-FDTD) method was proposed as a new numerical method to overcome the limitation of FDTD method. The OGG-FDTD method consists of two meshes that are main-mesh and sub-mesh. The main-mesh is also known as FDTD lattice which is covers the entire computational domain. The sub-mesh is known as minor grid which it is placed on top of the main mesh to form a single mesh. The overlapping region between the main mesh and sub-mesh can be obtained by using the B2-spline interpolation technique. The proposed numerical method has the ability to accurately measure the EM scattered field for an unknown object in a different medium. The results showed that the OGG-FDTD method with B2-spline interpolation gave lower relative error than bilinear interpolation with 0.0009% of difference in free space, 0.0033% of difference in Case A dielectric medium, 0.236% of difference in Case B dielectric medium, and 0.003% of difference in Case C dielectric medium. The OGG-FDTD method with B2-spline interpolation was extended by incorporating the Forward-Backward Time Stepping (FBTS) technique for arbitrary shaped objects detection and reconstruction. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by investigating the characteristics of the buried objects in transverse magnetic z-plane (TMz) mode. Different type of buried objects including square, circular, triangular and arbitrary shapes were used to validate the competency of the proposed method. The results showed that the Mean Square Error (MSE) of reconstructed dielectric profiles by using the proposed method has achieved significantly lower values than the FDTD method in FBTS. In Case I, the accuracy difference between the two methods was 26.67% for relative permittivity and 27.63% for conductivity, respectively. Further, the efficacy of this proposed method is applied to homogeneous and inhomogeneous breast cancer detection applications. In order to demonstrate the validity of this proposed method, the mostly fatty and extremely dense homogeneous breasts were chosen in this research. Then, the heterogeneous realistic breast phantom from Nagasaki University Hospital was chosen for inhomogeneous breast cancer detection application as Case M. The results showed that the implementation of the proposed method increased the accuracy of reconstructed the relative permittivity image by 50.54%, and conductivity by 74.42% as compared to the FDTD method in FBTS technique. Hence, it is proven that this numerical method can provide clearer and better reconstructed images to improve the quality of retrieve the dielectric profiles of the investigation area.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Bong, Siaw-Wee
author_facet	Bong, Siaw-Wee
author_sort	Bong, Siaw-Wee
title	OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
title_short	OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
title_full	OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
title_fullStr	OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
title_full_unstemmed	OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction
title_sort	ogg-fdtd method with b2-spline interpolation in fbts for arbitrary shapes reconstruction
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering
publishDate	2020
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29025/1/Bong%20Siaw%20Wee%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728367653093376
spelling	my-unimas-ir.290252023-04-11T03:50:02Z OGG-FDTD Method with B2-Spline Interpolation in FBTS for Arbitrary Shapes Reconstruction 2020-02-18 Bong, Siaw-Wee TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Microwave tomography is the new technology which evaluates buried or embedded objects in a medium by using Electromagnetic (EM) waves. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is a simple and powerful tool used to solve EM problems. It can investigate multiple frequencies without any extra computational effort. However, the main drawback of the FDTD method is difficult to exactly generate meshes for electromagnetic structures with curved boundaries and small features due to its restriction to inherent orthogonal grids. To address this issue, the B2-spline or biquadratic spline interpolation technique for Overset Grid Generation and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (OGG-FDTD) method was proposed as a new numerical method to overcome the limitation of FDTD method. The OGG-FDTD method consists of two meshes that are main-mesh and sub-mesh. The main-mesh is also known as FDTD lattice which is covers the entire computational domain. The sub-mesh is known as minor grid which it is placed on top of the main mesh to form a single mesh. The overlapping region between the main mesh and sub-mesh can be obtained by using the B2-spline interpolation technique. The proposed numerical method has the ability to accurately measure the EM scattered field for an unknown object in a different medium. The results showed that the OGG-FDTD method with B2-spline interpolation gave lower relative error than bilinear interpolation with 0.0009% of difference in free space, 0.0033% of difference in Case A dielectric medium, 0.236% of difference in Case B dielectric medium, and 0.003% of difference in Case C dielectric medium. The OGG-FDTD method with B2-spline interpolation was extended by incorporating the Forward-Backward Time Stepping (FBTS) technique for arbitrary shaped objects detection and reconstruction. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by investigating the characteristics of the buried objects in transverse magnetic z-plane (TMz) mode. Different type of buried objects including square, circular, triangular and arbitrary shapes were used to validate the competency of the proposed method. The results showed that the Mean Square Error (MSE) of reconstructed dielectric profiles by using the proposed method has achieved significantly lower values than the FDTD method in FBTS. In Case I, the accuracy difference between the two methods was 26.67% for relative permittivity and 27.63% for conductivity, respectively. Further, the efficacy of this proposed method is applied to homogeneous and inhomogeneous breast cancer detection applications. In order to demonstrate the validity of this proposed method, the mostly fatty and extremely dense homogeneous breasts were chosen in this research. Then, the heterogeneous realistic breast phantom from Nagasaki University Hospital was chosen for inhomogeneous breast cancer detection application as Case M. The results showed that the implementation of the proposed method increased the accuracy of reconstructed the relative permittivity image by 50.54%, and conductivity by 74.42% as compared to the FDTD method in FBTS technique. Hence, it is proven that this numerical method can provide clearer and better reconstructed images to improve the quality of retrieve the dielectric profiles of the investigation area. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2020-02 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29025/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/29025/1/Bong%20Siaw%20Wee%20ft.pdf text en validuser phd doctoral Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Faculty of Engineering This research was supported by Dana Pelajar PhD (DPP) Grant F02/DPP/1602/2017, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Ministry of Education Malaysia Biasiswa Hadiah Latihan Persekutuan (HLP) bagi Pegawai Pendidikan Pengajian Tinggi [1] American Cancer Society. (2016). Cancer facts & figure 2016. American Cancer Society, 1-72. [2] Health Ministry and World Health Organization. (2015). Cancer facts and figures in Malaysia. [Online]. Available: http://www.themalaymailonline.com. [Accessed: 2-Nov-2017]. [3] Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer statistics, 2016. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 66, 7-30. [4] American Cancer Society. (2018). Cancer facts & figures 2018. [Online]. 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