Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture

Theobroma cacao L. which locally known as cocoa is a well-known member from the Sterculiaceae family. This species become commercially important commodity crop that can be profitable income for many developing countries. However, propagation of this valuable crop through conventional method is bese...

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Main Author:	Adrianti, Nahrud
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2016
Subjects:	QK Botany
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/30598/1/Adrianti%20Binti%20Nahrud%20ft.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.30598
record_format	uketd_dc
spelling	my-unimas-ir.305982023-03-23T06:53:45Z Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture 2016 Adrianti, Nahrud QK Botany Theobroma cacao L. which locally known as cocoa is a well-known member from the Sterculiaceae family. This species become commercially important commodity crop that can be profitable income for many developing countries. However, propagation of this valuable crop through conventional method is beset with many disadvantages. Consequently, the present study was carried out to develop an in vitro culture method for mass propagation of this species via somatic embryogenesis as a starting point for the production of plantlets and to compare which cocoa clones give the best response in somatic embryogenesis approach. The successful regeneration of somatic embryogenesis was obtained by using immature zygotic embryos as explants for the five selected local cocoa clones tested (PBC 230, BR 24, KKM 22, MCB C1 and MCB C2). For the induction of primary callus formation, DKW medium augmented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D with combinations of 25 μg/L TDZ produced the highest percentage of callus induction. Whereas, McCown’s salt with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 50 μg/L 6-BA were found the optimum medium for the embryogenic callus induction. This study also highlighted the effectiveness of activated charcoal for the induction of somatic embryos. Among the embryo development mediums tested, DKW medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L activated charcoal was superior in the production of somatic embryogenesis with recorded the highest percentage explants producing somatic embryos. BR 25 showed the most responsive clone for the production of primary somatic embryogenesis compared to other four clones. During formation of secondary somatic embryogenesis, all clones showed better responses and multiplied rapidly. PBC 230 clones recorded the highest production of secondary somatic embryogenesis whilst MCB C2 exhibited low embryogenic potential in both primary and secondary production of somatic embryos. Besides, different survival rate during acclimatization and hardening also found among the clones tested. BR 25 showed better adaptation to the outside environment compared to the other clones. Meanwhile, all of MCB C2 plantlets failed to survive due to very low germination into normal plantlets, abnormalities and contaminations along the process. Five months observation after acclimatization process showed that somatic embryos-derived plants for all clones tested demonstrated normal growth phenotypes and similar morphology to the plants propagated by conventional methods. Fast and vigorous growing, quickly emission of new leaves and shoots, large leaf area and good branching habit characteristics indicated that the plants established normally as well as seedlings. Therefore, through this developed protocol, it is a great alternative for implementation of effective ways for mass propagation on more superior local cocoa clones and directly point out to enhance the development of cocoa planting industry in this country. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS) 2016 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/30598/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/30598/1/Adrianti%20Binti%20Nahrud%20ft.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS) Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	QK Botany
spellingShingle	QK Botany Adrianti, Nahrud Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
description	Theobroma cacao L. which locally known as cocoa is a well-known member from the Sterculiaceae family. This species become commercially important commodity crop that can be profitable income for many developing countries. However, propagation of this valuable crop through conventional method is beset with many disadvantages. Consequently, the present study was carried out to develop an in vitro culture method for mass propagation of this species via somatic embryogenesis as a starting point for the production of plantlets and to compare which cocoa clones give the best response in somatic embryogenesis approach. The successful regeneration of somatic embryogenesis was obtained by using immature zygotic embryos as explants for the five selected local cocoa clones tested (PBC 230, BR 24, KKM 22, MCB C1 and MCB C2). For the induction of primary callus formation, DKW medium augmented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D with combinations of 25 μg/L TDZ produced the highest percentage of callus induction. Whereas, McCown’s salt with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 50 μg/L 6-BA were found the optimum medium for the embryogenic callus induction. This study also highlighted the effectiveness of activated charcoal for the induction of somatic embryos. Among the embryo development mediums tested, DKW medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L activated charcoal was superior in the production of somatic embryogenesis with recorded the highest percentage explants producing somatic embryos. BR 25 showed the most responsive clone for the production of primary somatic embryogenesis compared to other four clones. During formation of secondary somatic embryogenesis, all clones showed better responses and multiplied rapidly. PBC 230 clones recorded the highest production of secondary somatic embryogenesis whilst MCB C2 exhibited low embryogenic potential in both primary and secondary production of somatic embryos. Besides, different survival rate during acclimatization and hardening also found among the clones tested. BR 25 showed better adaptation to the outside environment compared to the other clones. Meanwhile, all of MCB C2 plantlets failed to survive due to very low germination into normal plantlets, abnormalities and contaminations along the process. Five months observation after acclimatization process showed that somatic embryos-derived plants for all clones tested demonstrated normal growth phenotypes and similar morphology to the plants propagated by conventional methods. Fast and vigorous growing, quickly emission of new leaves and shoots, large leaf area and good branching habit characteristics indicated that the plants established normally as well as seedlings. Therefore, through this developed protocol, it is a great alternative for implementation of effective ways for mass propagation on more superior local cocoa clones and directly point out to enhance the development of cocoa planting industry in this country.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Adrianti, Nahrud
author_facet	Adrianti, Nahrud
author_sort	Adrianti, Nahrud
title	Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
title_short	Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
title_full	Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
title_fullStr	Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
title_full_unstemmed	Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture
title_sort	development of somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration for selected malaysian cocoa (theobroma cacao l.) clones from zygotic embryo culture
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS)
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2016
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/30598/1/Adrianti%20Binti%20Nahrud%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728388931846144

Development of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration for Selected Malaysian Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones from Zygotic Embryo Culture

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