Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery

Nowadays, the efficient utilization of agro-industrial by-products for conversion to a range of commercial value-added bio-products, including bio-ethanol, bio-fuels, and bio-material has been increased. Sago hampas contains significant amounts of starch (50% - 60%), cellulose (20% - 23%), hemicellu...

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Main Author:	Zakaria, Ismail
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2020
Subjects:	Q Science (General) S Agriculture (General)
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/32208/4/CGS_Thesis_Zakaria_15020163%20pswd.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.32208
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.322082023-06-13T03:51:46Z Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery 2020-09-05 Zakaria, Ismail Q Science (General) S Agriculture (General) Nowadays, the efficient utilization of agro-industrial by-products for conversion to a range of commercial value-added bio-products, including bio-ethanol, bio-fuels, and bio-material has been increased. Sago hampas contains significant amounts of starch (50% - 60%), cellulose (20% - 23%), hemicellulose (9.2%) and lignin (3.9%), hence able to be used as a substrate for generating reducing sugar. This research project focuses on the recovery of glucose from starchy sago hampas and reducing sugar from fibre of destarched sago hampas through incorporation of physical pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The sago hampas was treated with selected physical pre-treatments such as hydrothermal, microwave and ultrasound, then subsequently proceed with boiling and enzymatic hydrolysis on starch residue for glucose production by using commercial liquefying and saccharifying enzymes. The percentage hydrolysis yield of glucose for selected pre-treatments were compared to identify the best pre-treatment that can be incorporated with enzymatic hydrolysis to maximise the glucose recovery. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyse and measure the concentration of glucose recovered from starch residue in sago hampas. Hydrothermal pre-treatment was identified as the best treatment to implement on starch residue whereby the percentage of hydrolysis yield was increased by approximately 6% compared to without pre-treatment. Meanwhile, the microwave and ultrasound pre-treatment also increased approximately 1.56% and 3.68% of hydrolysis yield respectively. The treated and untreated sago hampas were observed under scanning electron microscope to show the changes on physical structure of starch granules and cellulosic materials. Observations revealed that there was a change in the physical structure of the starch granules in which there were a lot of deep holes on the surface, even some of them were ruptured. The hydrothermal pre-treatment was chosen to treat the destarched sago hampas and subsequently hydrolysed through enzymatic hydrolysis by using cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes. The optimum substrate loading, enzyme dosage (beta-glucosidase) and incubation time were identified by measuring the optimum concentration of reducing sugar yield and percentage of hydrolysis yield. Five percent substrate loading (w/v) of destarched sago hampas, 5% (v/w) enzyme dosage of β-glucosidase enzyme and 48 h of incubation time were identified as optimum parameter to hydrolyse the treated destarched sago hampas. Keyword: Sago hampas, starch, cellulosic materials, physical pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2020-09 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/32208/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/32208/4/CGS_Thesis_Zakaria_15020163%20pswd.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Q Science (General) S Agriculture (General)
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) S Agriculture (General) Zakaria, Ismail Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
description	Nowadays, the efficient utilization of agro-industrial by-products for conversion to a range of commercial value-added bio-products, including bio-ethanol, bio-fuels, and bio-material has been increased. Sago hampas contains significant amounts of starch (50% - 60%), cellulose (20% - 23%), hemicellulose (9.2%) and lignin (3.9%), hence able to be used as a substrate for generating reducing sugar. This research project focuses on the recovery of glucose from starchy sago hampas and reducing sugar from fibre of destarched sago hampas through incorporation of physical pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The sago hampas was treated with selected physical pre-treatments such as hydrothermal, microwave and ultrasound, then subsequently proceed with boiling and enzymatic hydrolysis on starch residue for glucose production by using commercial liquefying and saccharifying enzymes. The percentage hydrolysis yield of glucose for selected pre-treatments were compared to identify the best pre-treatment that can be incorporated with enzymatic hydrolysis to maximise the glucose recovery. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to analyse and measure the concentration of glucose recovered from starch residue in sago hampas. Hydrothermal pre-treatment was identified as the best treatment to implement on starch residue whereby the percentage of hydrolysis yield was increased by approximately 6% compared to without pre-treatment. Meanwhile, the microwave and ultrasound pre-treatment also increased approximately 1.56% and 3.68% of hydrolysis yield respectively. The treated and untreated sago hampas were observed under scanning electron microscope to show the changes on physical structure of starch granules and cellulosic materials. Observations revealed that there was a change in the physical structure of the starch granules in which there were a lot of deep holes on the surface, even some of them were ruptured. The hydrothermal pre-treatment was chosen to treat the destarched sago hampas and subsequently hydrolysed through enzymatic hydrolysis by using cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes. The optimum substrate loading, enzyme dosage (beta-glucosidase) and incubation time were identified by measuring the optimum concentration of reducing sugar yield and percentage of hydrolysis yield. Five percent substrate loading (w/v) of destarched sago hampas, 5% (v/w) enzyme dosage of β-glucosidase enzyme and 48 h of incubation time were identified as optimum parameter to hydrolyse the treated destarched sago hampas. Keyword: Sago hampas, starch, cellulosic materials, physical pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Zakaria, Ismail
author_facet	Zakaria, Ismail
author_sort	Zakaria, Ismail
title	Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
title_short	Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
title_full	Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
title_fullStr	Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
title_full_unstemmed	Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery
title_sort	integration of physical pre-treatment with enzymatic hydrolysis of sago hampas for maximising reducing sugar recovery
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
publishDate	2020
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/32208/4/CGS_Thesis_Zakaria_15020163%20pswd.pdf
_version_	1783728413042802688

Integration of Physical Pre-treatment with Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sago Hampas for Maximising Reducing Sugar Recovery

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