Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is one of the most important commodity crops due to its high oil content and increasing global demand for oil in the food, fuel, and cosmetic industries. The extensiveness of oil palm plantation in Malaysia and its luxuriant cover crops have been viewed as a potential avenue...

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Main Author:	Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2022
Subjects:	S Agriculture (General) SB Plant culture
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institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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language	English English
topic	S Agriculture (General) SB Plant culture
spellingShingle	S Agriculture (General) SB Plant culture Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
description	Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is one of the most important commodity crops due to its high oil content and increasing global demand for oil in the food, fuel, and cosmetic industries. The extensiveness of oil palm plantation in Malaysia and its luxuriant cover crops have been viewed as a potential avenue for promoting livestock-tree crop integration. The huge land areas of plantations have integrated livestock and crop production. The specific objectives of this study were to (i) determine the floristic diversity and carbon stock of weed species in an integrated oil palm plantation area, (ii) examine the forage recovery of selected forage species following livestock grazing, (iii) examine the forage preferred by livestock between cut and uncut forages, and (iv) determine the selected elements and toxic elements contained in the selected forage and weeds species. The study was conducted at an integrated oil palm plantation in Serian, Sarawak. Initial sampling showed that 10961 total individuals were recorded, belonging to 53 species of weeds. The second sampling carried out six months after the initial sampling recorded 9959 individuals consisting of 62 species and higher diversity than the initial sampling. The estimated carbon stock was 0.43 tonne ha-1 for the initial sampling and 0.41 tonne ha-1 for the second sampling. Recovery of Axonopus compressus showed the significant difference of mean height between grazed, cut, and ungrazed, in which the ungrazed was higher than grazed and cut. For cut A. compressus the recovery height was better in shaded than opened areas. The height recovery for grazed, cut, and ungrazed Elaeis guineensis seedlings differed significantly. The recovery of E. guineensis was higher in ungrazed than grazed. The difference was significant for grazed and cut and between cut and ungrazed. The cut E. guineensis showed a higher height recovery in opened than the shaded area. There was a significant difference in the recovery of new shoots for grazed and cut Antrophyum reticulatum. The mean percentage of forage preferred by livestock showed that the uncut was higher than cut A. compressus. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S), and Sodium (Na) were detected in A. compressus, E. guineensis, A. reticulatum, Asystasia gangetica, and Scleromitrion verticillatum in different concentrations. No heavy metals were detected in the consumed plants. Toxicity analyses of unconsumed plants; Melastoma malabathricum, Miconia crenata, Diplazium esculentum, Taenitis blechnoides, and Torenia crustacea did not contain hazardous elements such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Arsenic (Ar) except for Aluminium (Al). This study revealed that no cutting of forages is required provided that the rotation system incorporate forage recovery in the rotation schedule. Livestock did not adversely affect forage growth and development because grazed weeds are tolerant of grazing stress.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf
author_facet	Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf
author_sort	Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf
title	Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
title_short	Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
title_full	Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
title_fullStr	Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
title_full_unstemmed	Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation
title_sort	forage resources and nutrient content in grazing areas of oil palm plantation
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2022
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38886/4/Thesis_SharifahMazenahWanYusuf%20-%20cutted.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38886/9/Thesis_SharifahMazenahWanYusuf%20-%20fulltext.pdf
_version_	1811771557903597568
spelling	my-unimas-ir.388862024-09-13T02:09:26Z Forage Resources and Nutrient Content in Grazing Areas of Oil Palm Plantation 2022-07-18 Sharifah Mazenah, Wan Yusuf S Agriculture (General) SB Plant culture Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is one of the most important commodity crops due to its high oil content and increasing global demand for oil in the food, fuel, and cosmetic industries. The extensiveness of oil palm plantation in Malaysia and its luxuriant cover crops have been viewed as a potential avenue for promoting livestock-tree crop integration. The huge land areas of plantations have integrated livestock and crop production. The specific objectives of this study were to (i) determine the floristic diversity and carbon stock of weed species in an integrated oil palm plantation area, (ii) examine the forage recovery of selected forage species following livestock grazing, (iii) examine the forage preferred by livestock between cut and uncut forages, and (iv) determine the selected elements and toxic elements contained in the selected forage and weeds species. The study was conducted at an integrated oil palm plantation in Serian, Sarawak. Initial sampling showed that 10961 total individuals were recorded, belonging to 53 species of weeds. The second sampling carried out six months after the initial sampling recorded 9959 individuals consisting of 62 species and higher diversity than the initial sampling. The estimated carbon stock was 0.43 tonne ha-1 for the initial sampling and 0.41 tonne ha-1 for the second sampling. Recovery of Axonopus compressus showed the significant difference of mean height between grazed, cut, and ungrazed, in which the ungrazed was higher than grazed and cut. For cut A. compressus the recovery height was better in shaded than opened areas. The height recovery for grazed, cut, and ungrazed Elaeis guineensis seedlings differed significantly. The recovery of E. guineensis was higher in ungrazed than grazed. The difference was significant for grazed and cut and between cut and ungrazed. The cut E. guineensis showed a higher height recovery in opened than the shaded area. There was a significant difference in the recovery of new shoots for grazed and cut Antrophyum reticulatum. The mean percentage of forage preferred by livestock showed that the uncut was higher than cut A. compressus. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Sulphur (S), and Sodium (Na) were detected in A. compressus, E. guineensis, A. reticulatum, Asystasia gangetica, and Scleromitrion verticillatum in different concentrations. No heavy metals were detected in the consumed plants. Toxicity analyses of unconsumed plants; Melastoma malabathricum, Miconia crenata, Diplazium esculentum, Taenitis blechnoides, and Torenia crustacea did not contain hazardous elements such as Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Arsenic (Ar) except for Aluminium (Al). This study revealed that no cutting of forages is required provided that the rotation system incorporate forage recovery in the rotation schedule. Livestock did not adversely affect forage growth and development because grazed weeds are tolerant of grazing stress. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) 2022-07 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38886/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38886/4/Thesis_SharifahMazenahWanYusuf%20-%20cutted.pdf text en public http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/38886/9/Thesis_SharifahMazenahWanYusuf%20-%20fulltext.pdf text en validuser phd doctoral Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Adamse, P., Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J.I., & de Jong, J. (2017). Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in animal feed and feed materials – trend analysis of monitoring results. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A. Chemical, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 34(8), 1298-1311. Agyeidwarko, D. (2001). Effect of different moisture and shade regimes on seedling growth of three oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) progenies. In Master of Philosophy Degree’s Thesis, University of Ghana (p. 63). Ahmad Salihin, H. B., Azillah, A., Mukherjee, T.K., & Ramli, A. (1998). 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