Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste disposal and Cadmium (Cd) pollution in waterways issues had affected the community areas nearby the oil palm production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, surface morphology, elemental composition, thermal stability, and surface area of...

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Main Author:	Hafizah, Naihi
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2023
Subjects:	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41681/3/THESIS%20MASTER_HAFIZAH%20BINTI%20NAIHI.pdf
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.416812023-04-18T06:46:08Z Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch 2023-04-14 Hafizah, Naihi TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste disposal and Cadmium (Cd) pollution in waterways issues had affected the community areas nearby the oil palm production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, surface morphology, elemental composition, thermal stability, and surface area of the raw and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated OPEFB, to evaluate Cd (II) removal percentage and adsorption capacity of the raw and NaOH treated OPEFB at different initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed, temperature, contact time, and initial Cd (II) concentration, and to analyse the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters of the Cd (II) adsorption onto the raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB. The alkali treatment was done by varying the NaOH concentration and immersion time and 24h-1.0M-OPEFB was chosen as the best adsorbent based on its highest Cd (II) removal percentage, 64.5%. The batch experiment was running over wide ranges of settings and the best conditions of the adsorption process were found to be the pH of 6, the adsorbent dosage of 0.03 g/100 mL, the agitation speed of 150 rpm, the contact time of 90 minutes, the Cd (II) initial concentration of 5 mg/L, and the temperature of 45 C with 85.1% and 88.07% of Cd (II) removal percentage for raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis showed that the treated OPEFB has better intensities of -OH groups (7.3% increment), O/C ratio (44.8% increment), pore-volume (7 times higher), and thermal stability (10.2% lower weight loss) that could provide higher metal binding sites. The experimental data obtained are better described by the Pseudo-second-order (chemisorption mechanism); Raw OPEFB: R2=0.99992, NaOH-treated OPEFB: R2=0.99991 and Freundlich (multilayer adsorption) models; Raw OPEFB: R2=0.98789, NaOH-treated OPEFB: R2=0.97541, and the maximum adsorption capacity for raw and treated OPEFB was 35.82 mg/g and 37.68 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic adsorption study indicated that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous; Raw OPEFB: ΔG° =-25807.00 to -28725.91 kJ/mol, NaOH-treated OPEFB: ΔG° =-26417.89 to -29397.08 kJ/mol. Moreover, raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB adsorbents exhibit highly effective Cd (II) sorption capacities in both single system and binary systems (Cd (II) - Zn (II) and Cd (II) - Pb (II), can be used fruitfully for three reuse cycles by using 0.1 M HCl; Raw OPEFB: % desorption= 4.11-11.16%, NaOH-treated OPEFB: % desorption= 8.78-17.20%, and they have higher removal efficiency as compared to the commercial coconut activated carbon. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) 2023-04 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41681/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41681/3/THESIS%20MASTER_HAFIZAH%20BINTI%20NAIHI.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) DEPARTMENT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
spellingShingle	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering Hafizah, Naihi Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
description	Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) waste disposal and Cadmium (Cd) pollution in waterways issues had affected the community areas nearby the oil palm production. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, surface morphology, elemental composition, thermal stability, and surface area of the raw and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treated OPEFB, to evaluate Cd (II) removal percentage and adsorption capacity of the raw and NaOH treated OPEFB at different initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, agitation speed, temperature, contact time, and initial Cd (II) concentration, and to analyse the adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters of the Cd (II) adsorption onto the raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB. The alkali treatment was done by varying the NaOH concentration and immersion time and 24h-1.0M-OPEFB was chosen as the best adsorbent based on its highest Cd (II) removal percentage, 64.5%. The batch experiment was running over wide ranges of settings and the best conditions of the adsorption process were found to be the pH of 6, the adsorbent dosage of 0.03 g/100 mL, the agitation speed of 150 rpm, the contact time of 90 minutes, the Cd (II) initial concentration of 5 mg/L, and the temperature of 45 C with 85.1% and 88.07% of Cd (II) removal percentage for raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis showed that the treated OPEFB has better intensities of -OH groups (7.3% increment), O/C ratio (44.8% increment), pore-volume (7 times higher), and thermal stability (10.2% lower weight loss) that could provide higher metal binding sites. The experimental data obtained are better described by the Pseudo-second-order (chemisorption mechanism); Raw OPEFB: R2=0.99992, NaOH-treated OPEFB: R2=0.99991 and Freundlich (multilayer adsorption) models; Raw OPEFB: R2=0.98789, NaOH-treated OPEFB: R2=0.97541, and the maximum adsorption capacity for raw and treated OPEFB was 35.82 mg/g and 37.68 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic adsorption study indicated that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous; Raw OPEFB: ΔG° =-25807.00 to -28725.91 kJ/mol, NaOH-treated OPEFB: ΔG° =-26417.89 to -29397.08 kJ/mol. Moreover, raw and NaOH-treated OPEFB adsorbents exhibit highly effective Cd (II) sorption capacities in both single system and binary systems (Cd (II) - Zn (II) and Cd (II) - Pb (II), can be used fruitfully for three reuse cycles by using 0.1 M HCl; Raw OPEFB: % desorption= 4.11-11.16%, NaOH-treated OPEFB: % desorption= 8.78-17.20%, and they have higher removal efficiency as compared to the commercial coconut activated carbon.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Hafizah, Naihi
author_facet	Hafizah, Naihi
author_sort	Hafizah, Naihi
title	Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
title_short	Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
title_full	Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
title_fullStr	Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
title_full_unstemmed	Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
title_sort	adsorption of cadmium (ii) by chemically treated oil palm empty fruit bunch
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
granting_department	DEPARTMENT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
publishDate	2023
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/41681/3/THESIS%20MASTER_HAFIZAH%20BINTI%20NAIHI.pdf
_version_	1783728527816785920

Adsorption of Cadmium (II) by Chemically Treated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

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