Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches

This study is designed to determine the genetic variations and genetic population structure among Crocodylus porosus in 13 Sarawak River Basin (RB) using microsatellite and mtDNA approaches. Relationships between saltwater crocodiles in Sarawak RB using 13 microsatellite markers were estimated. Out...

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Main Author:	Reymathi, Nadarajan
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English English
Published:	2023
Subjects:	QH301 Biology QH426 Genetics
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institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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language	English English English
topic	QH301 Biology QH426 Genetics
spellingShingle	QH301 Biology QH426 Genetics Reymathi, Nadarajan Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
description	This study is designed to determine the genetic variations and genetic population structure among Crocodylus porosus in 13 Sarawak River Basin (RB) using microsatellite and mtDNA approaches. Relationships between saltwater crocodiles in Sarawak RB using 13 microsatellite markers were estimated. Out of the 52 samples amplified, one marker (Cj35) was polymorphic and showed double bands, whereas the other seven markers revealed a single band (Cj127, Cj131, Cj122, Cj101, Cj119, CUD68 and Cj16) and five markers revealed multiple bands. In addition, geographical distances do not influence genetic distances when microsatellite loci were used. DNA microsatellite divides the crocodile samples into four clades: A, B, C and D. Combined sequence data of Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (579 bp) and Cytochrome b gene (913 bp) had shown that Crocodylus porosus is monophyletic. Six out of ten haplotype shows unique haplotype (Hap_2, Hap_3, Hap_6, Hap_7, Hap_8 and Hap_10). Further analysis showed that there is gene flow between 12 populations from different RB based on values of nucleotide diversity (π) and number of migrants (Nm) values. Based on AMOVA value, this study also recorded that within population is higher than among population. The findings also revealed that population could be divided into northern, central, and western groupings based on geographical population location rather than RB. Future research should involve more samples representing all 22 RB in Sarawak so that a more comprehensive understanding on the genetic structure of crocodile in Sarawak. The findings from this study is hoped to shed lights on the genetic structure and diversity of saltwater crocodiles in RB and could be used by relevant agencies to carry out sustainable management of wild crocodile population in Sarawak.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Reymathi, Nadarajan
author_facet	Reymathi, Nadarajan
author_sort	Reymathi, Nadarajan
title	Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
title_short	Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
title_full	Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
title_fullStr	Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
title_full_unstemmed	Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches
title_sort	population structure of saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) from sarawak river basin, sarawak using microsatellite and mtdna approaches
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2023
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/3/REYMATHI_dsva.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/4/THESIS%20MSc._REYMATHI.ftext.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/5/THESIS%20MSc._REYMATHI%20-%2024%20pages.pdf
_version_	1783728545620557824
spelling	my-unimas-ir.430422023-11-10T03:14:29Z Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches 2023 Reymathi, Nadarajan QH301 Biology QH426 Genetics This study is designed to determine the genetic variations and genetic population structure among Crocodylus porosus in 13 Sarawak River Basin (RB) using microsatellite and mtDNA approaches. Relationships between saltwater crocodiles in Sarawak RB using 13 microsatellite markers were estimated. Out of the 52 samples amplified, one marker (Cj35) was polymorphic and showed double bands, whereas the other seven markers revealed a single band (Cj127, Cj131, Cj122, Cj101, Cj119, CUD68 and Cj16) and five markers revealed multiple bands. In addition, geographical distances do not influence genetic distances when microsatellite loci were used. DNA microsatellite divides the crocodile samples into four clades: A, B, C and D. Combined sequence data of Cytochrome Oxidase I gene (579 bp) and Cytochrome b gene (913 bp) had shown that Crocodylus porosus is monophyletic. Six out of ten haplotype shows unique haplotype (Hap_2, Hap_3, Hap_6, Hap_7, Hap_8 and Hap_10). Further analysis showed that there is gene flow between 12 populations from different RB based on values of nucleotide diversity (π) and number of migrants (Nm) values. Based on AMOVA value, this study also recorded that within population is higher than among population. The findings also revealed that population could be divided into northern, central, and western groupings based on geographical population location rather than RB. Future research should involve more samples representing all 22 RB in Sarawak so that a more comprehensive understanding on the genetic structure of crocodile in Sarawak. The findings from this study is hoped to shed lights on the genetic structure and diversity of saltwater crocodiles in RB and could be used by relevant agencies to carry out sustainable management of wild crocodile population in Sarawak. Univerisiti Malaysia Sarawak 2023 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/3/REYMATHI_dsva.pdf text en staffonly http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/4/THESIS%20MSc._REYMATHI.ftext.pdf text en validuser http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43042/5/THESIS%20MSc._REYMATHI%20-%2024%20pages.pdf text en public masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Resource Science and Technology FRGS/1/2019/WAB13/UNIMAS/02/2 Abdul Gani, M. I. Z. (2014). Population Density, Human-Crocodile Conflict and Genetic Variation among Saltwater Crocodile, Crocodylus porosus in Sarawak. (Unpublished Master's thesis). Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia. Abdul Gani, M. I. Z. (2019). 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Population Structure of Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) from Sarawak River Basin, Sarawak using Microsatellite and mtDNA Approaches

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