Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo

Nepenthes is the sole genus of the monotypic family known as Nepenthaceae, under the order of Caryophyllales. This genus is native to Southeast Asia with Borneo and Sumatra being the centre of its diversity. Nepenthes are known as highly studied carnivorous plants for their unique morphological char...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English English
Published:	2024
Subjects:	QK Botany
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/3/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA%20MOHD%20HISHAM%20-%2024%20pages.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/4/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.dsva.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/5/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.fulltext.pdf
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

id	my-unimas-ir.44430
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English English English
topic	QK Botany
spellingShingle	QK Botany NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
description	Nepenthes is the sole genus of the monotypic family known as Nepenthaceae, under the order of Caryophyllales. This genus is native to Southeast Asia with Borneo and Sumatra being the centre of its diversity. Nepenthes are known as highly studied carnivorous plants for their unique morphological characteristics, ecology, carnivorous syndrome, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties. Hence, this study focused on revising and comparing the morphological characteristics of Nepenthes that are distributed particularly in western Sarawak as well as identifying the anatomical, micromorphological, and palynological characteristics of the Nepenthes studied. Distribution and ecology of each Nepenthes taxa were also studied. A total of eighteen taxa were recorded from western Sarawak (Samarahan, Kuching, Serian, and Samarahan). Most of the taxa were examined based on fresh samples collected from the field; Nepenthes albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta, N. hispida, N. mirabilis, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, N. nazreeana sp. nov. ined., N. rafflesiana and others. The remaining five taxa; N. bicalcarata, N. northiana, N. veitchii, N. tentaculata, and N. x bauensis were examined based on herbarium specimens deposited in SAR. The morphological examination revealed that the Nepenthes studied has interspecific and intraspecific variation among the taxa. The anatomical studies of 13 collected Nepenthes taxa under the light microscope were focused on two parts; the epidermal layers, and the midrib. The stomatal complex type of Nepenthes studied are all anomocytic either with straight, or sinuous type of anticlinal walls on their abaxial or adaxial surfaces. Additional data from Field Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that the stomata have three types of formation; sunken, raised, and semi-raised. They are developed in various sizes and densities among the polygonal epidermal cells. The sessile glands also were noticed to appear mostly on the adaxial surfaces of leaves. Meanwhile, the midrib cross section shows four types of outer shapes with different vascular bundle arrangements and have a complex closed vascular system with consistent closed, collateral vascular bundles. The micromorphological characteristics were observed mainly on the epidermal layers of the leaves, and the pitchers of Nepenthes under FESEM. Trichomes were present mostly on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves compared to the adaxial surfaces. More than five types of trichomes were identified and all of them were categorised into two which are glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes. The examination of the inner surface of the pitcher depicted a variety of features such as the lunate cells and the digestive glands. The lunate cells were found distributed abundantly on the upper part of the pitcher body which is known as the waxy zone. Ten taxa from the 13 Nepenthes studied own these features that are formed in a crescent-like shape which bends downwards and elongate horizontally in various lengths. Meanwhile, the digestive glands were observed present on the inner surface of the pitcher of all 13 Nepenthes studied. Most of them are developed in the basal half of the pitcher, known as the digestive zone. The digestive glands are conspicuously different in sizes and density among the 13 taxa studied. The palynological study focused on six Nepenthes taxa; N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. nazreeana sp. nov. ined., N. rafflesiana, and N. reinwardtiana are tetrahedral tetrad and inarpeturate with echinate-microechinate ornamentation. The sizes of the pollen tetrads of the six Nepenthes studied are slightly varied between 17.02-19.91 µm in diameter, and all of them were identified as small size which falls between 10-25 µm. The pollen characteristics are homogenous among the six Nepenthes taxa studied. Therefore, they are not possessing any taxonomic value that can help in delimiting the taxa in the genus. But, they can be differentiated by their sizes, which can be influenced by the environment or the methods used to observe the pollen.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM
author_facet	NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM
author_sort	NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM
title	Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
title_short	Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
title_full	Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
title_fullStr	Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
title_full_unstemmed	Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo
title_sort	systematic study of genus nepenthes l. (nepenthaceae) in western sarawak, borneo
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Resource Science and Technology
publishDate	2024
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/3/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA%20MOHD%20HISHAM%20-%2024%20pages.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/4/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.dsva.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/5/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.fulltext.pdf
_version_	1794023050551754752
spelling	my-unimas-ir.444302024-03-12T07:28:27Z Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo 2024-03-06 NURUL NABILAH HUDA, MOHD HISHAM QK Botany Nepenthes is the sole genus of the monotypic family known as Nepenthaceae, under the order of Caryophyllales. This genus is native to Southeast Asia with Borneo and Sumatra being the centre of its diversity. Nepenthes are known as highly studied carnivorous plants for their unique morphological characteristics, ecology, carnivorous syndrome, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties. Hence, this study focused on revising and comparing the morphological characteristics of Nepenthes that are distributed particularly in western Sarawak as well as identifying the anatomical, micromorphological, and palynological characteristics of the Nepenthes studied. Distribution and ecology of each Nepenthes taxa were also studied. A total of eighteen taxa were recorded from western Sarawak (Samarahan, Kuching, Serian, and Samarahan). Most of the taxa were examined based on fresh samples collected from the field; Nepenthes albomarginata, N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta, N. hispida, N. mirabilis, N. mirabilis var. echinostoma, N. nazreeana sp. nov. ined., N. rafflesiana and others. The remaining five taxa; N. bicalcarata, N. northiana, N. veitchii, N. tentaculata, and N. x bauensis were examined based on herbarium specimens deposited in SAR. The morphological examination revealed that the Nepenthes studied has interspecific and intraspecific variation among the taxa. The anatomical studies of 13 collected Nepenthes taxa under the light microscope were focused on two parts; the epidermal layers, and the midrib. The stomatal complex type of Nepenthes studied are all anomocytic either with straight, or sinuous type of anticlinal walls on their abaxial or adaxial surfaces. Additional data from Field Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed that the stomata have three types of formation; sunken, raised, and semi-raised. They are developed in various sizes and densities among the polygonal epidermal cells. The sessile glands also were noticed to appear mostly on the adaxial surfaces of leaves. Meanwhile, the midrib cross section shows four types of outer shapes with different vascular bundle arrangements and have a complex closed vascular system with consistent closed, collateral vascular bundles. The micromorphological characteristics were observed mainly on the epidermal layers of the leaves, and the pitchers of Nepenthes under FESEM. Trichomes were present mostly on the abaxial surfaces of the leaves compared to the adaxial surfaces. More than five types of trichomes were identified and all of them were categorised into two which are glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes. The examination of the inner surface of the pitcher depicted a variety of features such as the lunate cells and the digestive glands. The lunate cells were found distributed abundantly on the upper part of the pitcher body which is known as the waxy zone. Ten taxa from the 13 Nepenthes studied own these features that are formed in a crescent-like shape which bends downwards and elongate horizontally in various lengths. Meanwhile, the digestive glands were observed present on the inner surface of the pitcher of all 13 Nepenthes studied. Most of them are developed in the basal half of the pitcher, known as the digestive zone. The digestive glands are conspicuously different in sizes and density among the 13 taxa studied. The palynological study focused on six Nepenthes taxa; N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. nazreeana sp. nov. ined., N. rafflesiana, and N. reinwardtiana are tetrahedral tetrad and inarpeturate with echinate-microechinate ornamentation. The sizes of the pollen tetrads of the six Nepenthes studied are slightly varied between 17.02-19.91 µm in diameter, and all of them were identified as small size which falls between 10-25 µm. The pollen characteristics are homogenous among the six Nepenthes taxa studied. Therefore, they are not possessing any taxonomic value that can help in delimiting the taxa in the genus. But, they can be differentiated by their sizes, which can be influenced by the environment or the methods used to observe the pollen. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2024-03 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/3/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA%20MOHD%20HISHAM%20-%2024%20pages.pdf text en public http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/4/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.dsva.pdf text en staffonly http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/44430/5/MSc_NURUL%20NABILAH%20HUDA.fulltext.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIMAS Graduate Zamalah Scholarship Adam, J. H. (1997). Prey Spectra of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) species in relation to their habitat. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 20(2/3), 121-134. Adam, J. H., & Wilcock, C. C. (1999). Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 22(1), 1-7. Adam, J., Wilcock, C. C., & Swaine, M. D. (1991). The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. Journal of Tropical Science, 5(1), 13-25. Al Farishy, D. D., Nisyawati, & Metusala, D. (2017). Characterization anatomical leaf blade of five species Nepenthes from Kerinci Seblat National Park, Kerinci Regency, Jambi province. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1862(1), 030115. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991219 Bauer, U., & Federle W. (2009). The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers: Surface structure and function. Plant Signal & Behavior, 4(11), 1019-1023. Biati, N. Y. K. (2012). Studi Anatomi dan Struktur Sekretori Tanaman Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.). M. Sc. thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor. Bittrich, V. (1993). Introduction to Cemtrospermae. In Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons (pp. 13-19). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. doi:0.1007/978-3-662-02899-5_2 Burbidge, F. W. (1880). Nepenthes bicalcarata. The Gardeners' Chronicle, 13, 264-265. Cerceau-Larrival, M. (1971). Morphologie pollinique et correlations phylogenetiques chez les Ombelliferae. In V. H. Heywood (Ed.), The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae (pp. 109-156). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (1997). A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, 42, 1-106. Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (2001). Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana, 15, 1-157. Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (2003). Nepenthes hurrelliana (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Borneo. Sabah Parks Nature Journal, 6, 117-124. Cheek, M. (2015). Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) of Halmahera, Indonesia. Blumea Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, 59, 215-225. doi:10.3767/000651915X689091 Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (2016a). A new section in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and a new species from Sulawesi. Blumea Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, 61, 59-62. doi:org/10.3767/000651916X691510 Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (2016b). Nepenthes section Pyrophytae. Plant Carnivora, 38, 44-45. Cheek, M., & Jebb, M. (2016c). Nepenthes minima (Nepenthaceae), a new pyrophytic grass-land species from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, 61, 181-185. doi:org/10.3767/000651916X693509 Chin, L., Moran, J. A., & Clarke, C. (2010). Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. Phytologist, 186, 461- 470. Clarke, C. (1993). The possible functions of the thorns of Nepenthes bicalcarata (Hook. f.) pitchers. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, 22, 27-28. Clarke, C. (1997). Nepenthes of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natual History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. 207 pp. Clarke, C., Cantley, R., Nerz, J., Rischer, H., & Witsuba, A. (2000). Nepenthes hispida. The IUCNRed List of Threatened Species 2000: e. T39666A10249804. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39666A10249804.en. Accessed on 01 April 2023. Clarke, C. (2001a). Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. (R. Chung, Ed.) Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. 326 pp. Clarke, C. (2001b). A Guide to The Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. 40 pp. Clarke, C., & Lee, C. C. (2004). A Pocket Guide: Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. 81 pp. Clarke , C., Bauer, C., Lee, C. C., Tuen, A. A., Rembold, K. K., & Moran, J. A. (2009). Tree shrew lavatories: A novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in a tropical pitcher plant. Biology Letters, 5, 632-635. Clarke, C. (2014). Nepenthes mirabilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T49122515A21844202. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T49122515A21844202.en. Accessed on 17 December 2023. Clarke, C., Schlauer, J., Moran, J., & Robinson, A. (2018a). Systematics and evolution of Nepenthes. In A. Ellison, & L. Adamec (Eds.), Carnivorous Plants: Physiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0005 Clarke, C. (2018b). Nepenthes albomarginata (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T39639A143958253. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20181.RLTS.T39639A143958253.en. Accessed on 28 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2018c). Nepenthes ampullaria (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. t39640A143958546. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20181.RLTS.T39640A143958546.en. Accesed on 29 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2018d). Nepenthes gracilis (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T39663A143960417. https://dx.doi.org/102305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en. Acessed on 29 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2018e). Nepenthes hirsuta (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T39665A143960697. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39665A143960697.en. Acessed on 29 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2018f). Nepenthes rafflesiana (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T39689A143963510. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39689A143963510. en. Accessed on 28 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2018g). Nepenthes tentaculata (errata version published in 2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e. T39702A143965172. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1RLTS.T39702A143965172. en. Accessed on 27 March 2023. Clarke, C. (2020). Nepenthes reinwardtiana (amended version of 2018 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e. T39692A177783883. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39692A177783881. en. Accessed on e. T39692A177783881. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39692A177783881.en. Accessed on 15 April 2023. Close, D., & Beadly, C. L. (2003). The ecophysiology of foliar anthocyanin. The Botanical Review, 69(2), 149-161. Corner, E. J. H. (1988). Wayside Trees of Malaya. 3rd Ed. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 772 pp. Croft, H., & Chen J. M. (2017). Leaf Pigment Content. University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10547-0A. Cuenoud, P., Savolainen, V., Chatrou, L. W., Powell, M., Grayer, R.J., & Chase, M. W. (2002). Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcl. atpB and matK DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany, 89(132-144), 132-144. Cutler, D. F. (1978). Applied Plant Anatomy. New York, United States of America: Longman Group Limited. Cutler, D. F., Botha, T., & Stevenson, D. W. (2007). Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing. New York, USA. 313 pp. D' Amato, P. (2013). The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. Berkeley, California, United States of America: Ten Speed Press. Damit, A., Sugau, J. B., Nilus, R., & Suleiman, M. (2018). Nepenthes species of Mount Trus Madi in Sabah Borneo. 18th Malaysian Forestry Conference, 31st July-2nd August, Kuching, Sarawak, pp. 399-404. Danser, B. (1928). The Nepenthaceae of the Netherland Indies. Bulletin du Jardin de Botanique Buitenzorg, 9(3), 249-435. Echlin, P. (2009). Sample Dehydration. In: Handbook of Sample Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. Springer, Boston, MA. pp 97-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85731-2_7 Ellison, A. M., & Gotelli, N. J. (2001). Evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16, 623-629. Ghazalli, M. N., Tamizi, A. A., Mat Esa, M. I., Besi, E. E., Nikong, D., Mohd Nordin, A. R., & Zaini, A. Z. (2019). The systematic significance of leaf epidermal of micromorphology of ten Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Reinwardtia: A Journal on Taxonomic Botany, Plant Sociology and Ecology, 18(2), 81-96. doi:10.14203/reinwardtia.v18i2.3753 Ghazalli, M. N., Tamizi, A. A., Nikong, D., Besi, E. E., Mat-Esa, M. I., Mohd-Nordin, A. R., Latiff, A., Zaini, A. Z., & Shakri, M. A. (2020). Nepenthes latiffiana and N. domei (Nepenthaceae), two new species of pitcher plants from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Webbia, 75(1), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.36253/jopt-7950 Golos, M. R., Robinson, A. S., Barer, M., Dancak, M., Witte, J. D., Limberg, A., Noorhana, M. S., & Tjiasmanto, W. (2020). Nepenthes fractiflexa (Nepenthaceae), a new Bornean pitcher plant exhibiting concaulescent metatopy and a high degree of axillary bud activation. Phytotaxa, 432(2), 125-143. Givnish, T. J. (2014). New evidence on the origin of carnivorous plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(1), 10-11. Greenwood, M., Clarke, C., Lee. , C. C., Gunsalam, A., & Clarke, R. H. (2011). A unique resource mutualism between the giant Bornean pitcher plant, Nepenthes rajah and members of a small mammal community. PLoS ONE, 7(1). Halbritter, H. (1997). Preparing material for Scanning Electron Microscope using 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP) and critical point drying. Biotechnic and Histochemistry, 73, 137-143. Handayani, T. (2017). Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas, 18(4), 1624-1631. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d180442 Handayani, T., & Hadiah, J. T. (2019). Pitcher morphology and pitcher coloring of Nepenthes mirabilis Druce. from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(10), 2824-2832. Hesse, M., Halbritter, H., Zetter, R., Weber, M., Buchner, R., Frosch-Radivo, A., & Ulrich, S. (2009). Pollen Terminology: An illustrated handbook, Austria: Springer-Verlag/Wien. Heubl, G., Bringmann, G., & Meimberg, H. (2006). Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales-Revisited. Plant Biology, 8, 821-830. Hewson, H. J. (2019). Plant Indumentum: A handbook of Terminology, revised ed., Australia: Australian Biological Resources Study, Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Energy. 48 pp. Heywood, V. H. (1976). Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed., Vol. No. 5). London: Edward Arnold. Hooker, J. D. (1859). On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an acoount of some new Bornean plants of that genus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 22, 415-423. Hooker, J. D. (1873). Nepenthaceae. A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, 17, 90-105. Jeffrey, C. (1964). A note on pollen morphology in Cucurbitaceae. Kew Bulletin, 18, 473-477. Jennings, D., & Rohr, J. (2011). A review of conservation threats to carnivorous plants. Biological Conservations, 144(5), 1356-1363. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.013 Kiew, R. (1984). Preliminary pollen study of the Oleaceae in Malesia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore, 37(2), 225-230. Kurata, S. (1976). Nepenthes of Mount Kinabalu. Kota Kinabalu: Sabah National Park Trustees. Lee, C. C. (2004a). New records and a new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. Sandakania, 15, 93-101. Lee, C. C. (2004b). Sarawak Bau limestone biodiversity: Nepenthes. Sarawak Museum Journal, 80(6), 71-77. Lee, C. C., Bourke, G., Taylor, W., Yeo, S. T. & Rembold, K. (2011) Nepenthes appendiculata, a new pitcher plant from Sarawak. In New Nepenthes Volume 1 (Mc Pherson, S. R.), pp. 24–35. United Kingdom: Redfern Natural History Productions. Lindley, J. (1848). New garden plants: Nepenthes hookeriana. The Gardeners' Chronicle, 87, 159. Lindley, J. (1849). Familiar botany: The pitcher plant. The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultureal Gazette, 37, 580-581. Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. 140 pp. Macfarlane, J. M. (1908). Nepenthaceae. In A. Engler (Ed.). Das Pflanzenreich: Regni Vegetabilis Conspectus. 100 pp. Marina, M., John Keen, C., Caroline, B., & Afsar, J. (2018). Fauna diversity in pitcher plants at Setiam Hill, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 47(1), 19-25. Marlis, A. M., Georg, Z., Brigitte, F., Dennis, M. & Ulrich, M. (1999). Giant nectaries in the peristome thorns of the pitcher plants Nepenthes bicalcarata Hooker f. (Nepenthaceae): Anatomy and functional aspects. Ecotropica, 5, 45-50. Metcalfe, C. R., & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: Leaves, Stem and Wood in Relation Taxonomy with Notes on Economic Uses. Vol. 1. The Clanderon Press, Oxford. 806 pp. Mithofer, A. (2011). Carnivorous pitcher plants: Insights in an old topic. Phytochemistry, 72(13), 1678-1682. Moran, J., Booth, W., & Charles, J. (1999). Aspects of pitcher morphologyand spectral characteristics of six Bornean Nepenthes pitcher plant species: Implications for prey capture. Annal Botany, 83, 521-528. Moran, J., & Clarke, C. (2010). The carnivorous syndrome in Nepenthes pitcher plants: Current state of knowledge and potential future directions. Plant Signaling and Behaviour, 5(6), 644-648. doi:10.4161/psb.5.6. 11238 Murphy, B., Forest, F., Barraclough, T., Rosindell, J., Bellot, S., Cowan, R., & Cheek, M. (2020). A phylogenomic analysis of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 144. Nabilah Huda, M. H., Meekiong, K., & Elias, H. (2022). Leaf Anatomical Characteristics of Nepenthes in western Sarawak, Borneo. Malaysian Applied Biology, 51(5), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2339 Nabilah Huda, M. H., Meekiong, K., Elias, H., & Gawin, D. F. (2023). Preliminary Study of Nepenthes in Banjaran Undan, Sarawak, Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 86(1), 190–199. Nations Online. (n.d.). Malaysia Map. [online] Available at: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/malaysia_map.htm [Assessed on 26 November 2023] Owen, T. P. Jr., & Lennon, K. A. (1999). Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86, 1382-1390. Phillips, A., & Lamb, A. (1996). Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo) Sdn. Bhd. Paluvi, N., Mukarlina, & Linda, R. (2015). Struktur anatomi daun, kantung dan sulur Nepenthes gracilis Korth. yang tumbuh di area intensitas cahaya berbeda. Protobiont, 4(1), 103-107. Pacini, E. (1997). Tapetum character states: Analytical keys for tapetum types and activity. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 1448-1459. Pavlovic, N., Masarovicova, E., & Hudak, J. (2007). Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the Genus Nepenthes. Annals of Botany, 100, 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm145 Phillips, A., Lamb, A., & Lee, C. C. (2008). Pitcher plants of Borneo (Second Edition ed.). Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Natural History Publications (Borneo). Radford, A. E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, New York: Harper & Row. Richards, P. W. (1996). The tropical rain forest. 2nd ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Ridley, H. N. (1924). Nepenthaceae. In: The Flora of the Malay Peninsula Vol. 3, pp. 21-25. London: L. Reeve & Co., Rizqiani, S., Ariyanti, N., & Sulistijorini. (2018). Diversity of Lowland Nepenthes (Pitcher plants) in Bangka belitung Islands. IOP Conference series: Earth and Environmental Science, 197. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/197/1/012021 Sadhan, K., Swati, T., Samir, K. B., & Subodh, K. (2014). Pollen morphology of Nepenthes khasiana Hook. f. (Nepenthaceae), an endemic insectivorous plant from India. Palynology, 38(2), 324-333. doi:10.1080/01916122.2014.912993 Schaefer, H., & Rolshausen, G. (2005). Plants on red alert: Do insects pay attention? BioEssays, 28, 65-71. Schnell, D., Catling, P., Folkerts, G., Frost, C., Gardner, R. (2000a). Nepenthes bicalcarata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e. T39624A10252393. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39624A10252393.en. Accessed on 23 March 2023. Schnell, D., Catling, P., Folkerts, G., Frost, C., & Gardner, R. (2000b). Nepenthes northiana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000: e.T40115A10314691. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T40115A10314691.en. Accessed on 28 March 2023. Schwallier, R., Wely, V. V., Baak, M., Vos, R., Heuven, B. J. V., Smets, E., Vugt, R. R. V. & Gravendeel, B. (2020). Ontogeny and anatomy of the dimorphic pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack. Plant Anatomy and Biochemistry, 9(11), 1-16. Shulze, W., Frommer, F. B., & Ward, J. M. (1999). Transporters for ammonium, amino acids and peptides ae expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes. The Plant Journal, 17, 637-646 Skvarla, J. J., & Turner, B. L. (1966). Systematic implications from electron microscopic studies of Compositae pollen. Annal Missouri Botancial Garden, 53, 220-256. Stanley, R. G., & Linskens, H. F. (1974). Pollen Biology and Biochemistry Management. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag. Steiner, H. (2002). Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with Their Pitcher Plants. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia: Toihaan Publishing Company. Steyn, W. J., Wand, S. F. E., Holcroft, D. M., & Jacobs, G. (2002). Anthocyanins in vegetative tissues: a proposed unified function in photoprotection. New Phytol, 155, 349-361. Tamizi, A. A., Ghazalli, M. N., Nikong, D., Besi, E. E., Mat-Esa, M. I., Mohd-Nordin, A. R., Latiff, A., & Shakri, M. A. (2020). Nepenthes malayensis (Nepenthaceae), a new species of carnivorous pitcher plant from Peninsular Malaysia. Kew Bulletin, 75(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-020-09918-z : In: Farrell, C. (Eds.), Tullamore. Ireland, 8-13 June 2008, International Peat Society. Tawan, C. S., Ipor, I. B., & Wan Sulaiman, W. H. (2008). After Wise Use - The Future of Peatlands: Floral diversity of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak. In: Farrell, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th International Peat Congress: Tullamore. Ireland, 8-13 June 2008, International Peat Society. Thorogood, C. (2010). The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and taxonmic perspectives. New York, United States of America: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Toma, I., Toma, C., & Stanescu, I. (2002). Histo - anatomical aspects of the Nepenthes maxima Reinw. Ex Ness metamorphosed leaf. Reveu Roumaine de Biologie Serie de Biologie Vegetale, 47, 3-7. Walker, J. W., & Doyle, J. A. (1975). The bases of angiosperm phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 62(3), 664-723. Yingying, H., Yang, H., & Jiao, Y. (2014) Regulation of inflorescence architecture by cytokinins, Frontiers in Plant Sciences, 5(669), 1-4.

Systematic Study of Genus Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) in Western Sarawak, Borneo

Similar Items