Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak

In Sarawak, nipa sap (obtained from flowering branch of the palm, Nypa fruticans is processed in the form of syrup into semi-solid nipa sugar (SSNS) known locally as gula apong to be used as sweetener in foods, drinks and as an ingredient in traditional cuisine. The objective of this study was to ch...

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Main Author:	Puteri Azira, binti Azmin
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2024
Subjects:	Q Science (General)
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/3/DSVA_Puteri%20Azira.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/4/Thesis%20Ms.%20Puteri%20Azira%20Azmin.ftext.pdf
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.454152024-08-01T01:28:00Z Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak 2024-07-27 Puteri Azira, binti Azmin Q Science (General) In Sarawak, nipa sap (obtained from flowering branch of the palm, Nypa fruticans is processed in the form of syrup into semi-solid nipa sugar (SSNS) known locally as gula apong to be used as sweetener in foods, drinks and as an ingredient in traditional cuisine. The objective of this study was to characterize the current physicochemical status of SSNS to determine the level of biological quality and safety of SSNS produced. The nutritional content, pH, moisture content, some sugar profiles, acetic acid and lactic acid, total phenolic compound (TPC) and total flavonoid compound (TFC) were determined in this project. As a result, it is indicated that the pH of SSNS was slightly acidic with the pH of 4.73 ± 0.17. The moisture content of SSNS was 15.4 ± 0.06%. The sugar profiles were characterised by using high performance liquid chromatography and revealed the sucrose as main sugar composition in SSBS at 86.8 ± 0.58 g/L. This project also studied and compared the physiochemical properties of SSNS in Sarawak from different locations in Sarawak which were Kuching, Samarahan, Pusa and Saratok. Our study revealed the physicochemical properties of SSNS from different places were significantly different (p<0.05) in term of sugar profiles, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, moisture content, ethanol and organic acids. In addition, this study also determined the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values of SSNS by using guidelines from the FAO/WHO and International Standards Organization. The GI values of SSNS was 27 whereas the GL values of SSNS was 12. The study showed SSNS could be classified as low GI and GL food. As SSNS plays such an important role among local people in Sarawak, this study provides better understanding of the nutritional information and physiochemical properties of SSNS. This in turn will provide a valuable reference for consumers and health professionals to make informed food choices for glycaemic control in the future. Keywords: Semi solid nipa sugar, Nypa fructicans, sucrose, glucose, TPC & TFC, glycaemic index UNIMAS 2024-07 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/3/DSVA_Puteri%20Azira.pdf text en public http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/4/Thesis%20Ms.%20Puteri%20Azira%20Azmin.ftext.pdf text en validuser masters UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Abbasi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Mohebi, M., & Kiani, S. (2009). Effect of time and temperature on moisture content, shrinkage, and rehydration of dried onion. Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 6(3), 57 – 70. Adam, A. C., Rubio-Texeira, M., & Polaina, J. (2005). Lactose: the milk sugar from a biotechnological perspective. BFSN, 44(7-8), 553-557. Addis, M., & Sisay, D. (2015). A review on major food borne bacterial illnesses. Journal of Tropical Diseases, 3(4), 1–7. Ahmad, M. N., & Bujang, K.B. (2014) Enzymatic hydrolysis of sago fronds and leaves for production of sugar. Unpublished report. Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia. Alam, W., Khan, H., Shah, M. A., Cauli, O., & Saso, L. (2020). Kaempferol as a dietary anti-inflammatory agent. Molecules, 25(4073), 1–12. Al-Ishaq, R. K., Abotaleb, M., Kubatka, P., Kajo, K., & Büsselberg, D. (2019). Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: Cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels. Biomolecules, 9(9), 430-475. Aljadi, A. M. & Yusoff, K. M. (2003). Isolation and identification of phenolic acids in Malaysian honey with antibacterial properties. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 33, 229 - 236. Almeida, J. M., Salatino, A., Genovese, M. I., & Lajolo, F. M. (2011). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of culms and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) products. Food Chemistry, 125(2), 660–664.
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English English
topic	Q Science (General)
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) Puteri Azira, binti Azmin Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
description	In Sarawak, nipa sap (obtained from flowering branch of the palm, Nypa fruticans is processed in the form of syrup into semi-solid nipa sugar (SSNS) known locally as gula apong to be used as sweetener in foods, drinks and as an ingredient in traditional cuisine. The objective of this study was to characterize the current physicochemical status of SSNS to determine the level of biological quality and safety of SSNS produced. The nutritional content, pH, moisture content, some sugar profiles, acetic acid and lactic acid, total phenolic compound (TPC) and total flavonoid compound (TFC) were determined in this project. As a result, it is indicated that the pH of SSNS was slightly acidic with the pH of 4.73 ± 0.17. The moisture content of SSNS was 15.4 ± 0.06%. The sugar profiles were characterised by using high performance liquid chromatography and revealed the sucrose as main sugar composition in SSBS at 86.8 ± 0.58 g/L. This project also studied and compared the physiochemical properties of SSNS in Sarawak from different locations in Sarawak which were Kuching, Samarahan, Pusa and Saratok. Our study revealed the physicochemical properties of SSNS from different places were significantly different (p<0.05) in term of sugar profiles, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, moisture content, ethanol and organic acids. In addition, this study also determined the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) values of SSNS by using guidelines from the FAO/WHO and International Standards Organization. The GI values of SSNS was 27 whereas the GL values of SSNS was 12. The study showed SSNS could be classified as low GI and GL food. As SSNS plays such an important role among local people in Sarawak, this study provides better understanding of the nutritional information and physiochemical properties of SSNS. This in turn will provide a valuable reference for consumers and health professionals to make informed food choices for glycaemic control in the future. Keywords: Semi solid nipa sugar, Nypa fructicans, sucrose, glucose, TPC & TFC, glycaemic index
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Puteri Azira, binti Azmin
author_facet	Puteri Azira, binti Azmin
author_sort	Puteri Azira, binti Azmin
title	Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
title_short	Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
title_full	Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
title_fullStr	Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
title_full_unstemmed	Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak
title_sort	physicochemical characteristics of semi solid nipa sugar (gula apong)from selected areas of sarawak
granting_institution	UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
granting_department	FACULTY OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
publishDate	2024
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/3/DSVA_Puteri%20Azira.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45415/4/Thesis%20Ms.%20Puteri%20Azira%20Azmin.ftext.pdf
_version_	1811771577345245184

Physicochemical Characteristics of Semi Solid Nipa Sugar (Gula Apong)from Selected Areas of Sarawak

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