English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School

Vocabulary is the key to effective communication. Past research found that teaching vocabulary has often been neglected by teachers as they focus on other language skills such as listening, speaking, grammar, reading, and writing. This research was conducted to investigate the English language teach...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Bryan, Lim, Joseph, Ramanair, Soo, Ruey Shing
Format: Thesis
Language:English
English
English
Published: 2023
Subjects:
Online Access:http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/3/DSVA%20Bryan.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/4/Bryan%20%2824%20pgs%29.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/7/FINAL%20Thesis_Bryan%20Lim_.pdf
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-unimas-ir.45930
record_format uketd_dc
institution Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language English
English
English
topic L Education (General)
LB1501 Primary Education
LB2361 Curriculum
spellingShingle L Education (General)
LB1501 Primary Education
LB2361 Curriculum
Bryan, Lim
Joseph, Ramanair
Soo, Ruey Shing
English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
description Vocabulary is the key to effective communication. Past research found that teaching vocabulary has often been neglected by teachers as they focus on other language skills such as listening, speaking, grammar, reading, and writing. This research was conducted to investigate the English language teachers’ practices and knowledge with the use of the audio-visual (AV) approach to teach vocabulary in the rural east Malaysian primary school. This research focuses on the teachers’ planning, approaches, perceptions, and challenges when using the AV approach to teach vocabulary. Seven primary-level English language teachers from two schools in a rural area of Bau, Sarawak, participated in this research. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observation, and document analysis, and were thematically analysed. The findings indicated that teachers viewed the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) aligned resources as their main guideline for lesson planning and approaching vocabulary teaching. Teachers were reported to use different AV approaches to teach vocabulary depending on the difficulty levels of the words. Findings show that teachers responded positively, and they were comfortable using the AV approach to teach vocabulary. However, teachers also experience infrastructure and policy challenges. The findings were then discussed in accordance with the two key themes: teachers' knowledge and practice. The challenges teachers faced seem to be linked to the gap between the teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in the subject matter and their PCK concerning the CEFR. The findings offer crucial implications for vocabulary teaching using the AV approach.
format Thesis
qualification_level Master's degree
author Bryan, Lim
Joseph, Ramanair
Soo, Ruey Shing
author_facet Bryan, Lim
Joseph, Ramanair
Soo, Ruey Shing
author_sort Bryan, Lim
title English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
title_short English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
title_full English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
title_fullStr English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
title_full_unstemmed English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School
title_sort english language teachers' knowledge and practices in teaching vocabulary using audio-visual approach in rural primary school
granting_institution Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
granting_department 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature
publishDate 2023
url http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/3/DSVA%20Bryan.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/4/Bryan%20%2824%20pgs%29.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/7/FINAL%20Thesis_Bryan%20Lim_.pdf
_version_ 1811771580409184256
spelling my-unimas-ir.459302024-09-18T08:06:31Z English Language Teachers' Knowledge and Practices in Teaching Vocabulary using Audio-Visual Approach in Rural Primary School 2023-12 Bryan, Lim Joseph, Ramanair Soo, Ruey Shing L Education (General) LB1501 Primary Education LB2361 Curriculum Vocabulary is the key to effective communication. Past research found that teaching vocabulary has often been neglected by teachers as they focus on other language skills such as listening, speaking, grammar, reading, and writing. This research was conducted to investigate the English language teachers’ practices and knowledge with the use of the audio-visual (AV) approach to teach vocabulary in the rural east Malaysian primary school. This research focuses on the teachers’ planning, approaches, perceptions, and challenges when using the AV approach to teach vocabulary. Seven primary-level English language teachers from two schools in a rural area of Bau, Sarawak, participated in this research. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observation, and document analysis, and were thematically analysed. The findings indicated that teachers viewed the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) aligned resources as their main guideline for lesson planning and approaching vocabulary teaching. Teachers were reported to use different AV approaches to teach vocabulary depending on the difficulty levels of the words. Findings show that teachers responded positively, and they were comfortable using the AV approach to teach vocabulary. However, teachers also experience infrastructure and policy challenges. The findings were then discussed in accordance with the two key themes: teachers' knowledge and practice. The challenges teachers faced seem to be linked to the gap between the teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) in the subject matter and their PCK concerning the CEFR. The findings offer crucial implications for vocabulary teaching using the AV approach. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature 2023-12 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/3/DSVA%20Bryan.pdf text en staffonly http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/4/Bryan%20%2824%20pgs%29.pdf text en public http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/45930/7/FINAL%20Thesis_Bryan%20Lim_.pdf text en validuser https://ejournal.ukm.my/3l/issue/view/1636 masters Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature Abdalla, M. M., Oliveira, L. G. L., Azevedo, C. E. F., & Gonzalez R. K. (2017). Quality in qualitative organizational research: Types oftriangulation as a methodological alternative. Administração: Ensino e Pesquisa, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.13058/raep.2018.v19n1.578. Afrianto, A. (2018). Being a professional teacher in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0: Opportunities, challenges and strategies for innovative classroom practices. English Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 1-13. Ajloni, E., & O'Toole, T. (2021). The impact of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) on pre-service teachers' self-efficacy in integrating technology into teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 104, 103426. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103426 Ajloni, M. S., & O‟Toole, J. M. (2021). The influence of teacher educational and technological factors on video-based pedagogical responses in Jordan: An integrative mixed methods study. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(1), 65-87. doi:10.3390/jpr5010065 Ajloni, M., & O'Toole, M. (2021). Conceptualizing pedagogical processes in video-based learning: cognitive, behavioral, and affective roles of video technology in teaching practice. LUMAT-B: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 6(1), 1-17. Alanazi, M. H. (2019). A study of the pre-service trainee teachers' problems in designing lesson plans. Arab World English Journal, 10(1), 166-182. doi:10.24093/awej/10.1.166 Aminuddin, A., & Azman, M. (2017). The use of ICT in English language learning in Sarawak secondary schools: A case study. International Journal of Education and Development, 3(1), 1-11. Anas, F. A., & Zakaria, N. Y. K. (2019). ESL learners’ perceptions on English subtitled audio-visual materials. Creative Education, 10(12), 2796-2803. doi:10.4236/ce.2019.1012206. Anderson, L. M., & Stillman, J. A. (2013). Student teaching's contribution to preservice teacher development: A review of research focused on the preparation of teachers for urban and high-needs contexts. Review of Educational Research, 83(1), 3-69. Anil, V. K. (2015). Learning in the 21st century. Journal of Learning, 10(2), 1-10. Anzaku, F. (2011). Library experts speak on audio-visual material. A paper presented at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultured Organization (UNESCO) Archana, S., & Rani, P. (2017). Effect of using mobile apps on vocabulary acquisition in primary school students. International Journal of Educational Research, 83, 101- 109 Ashaver, D., & Igyuve, S. M. (2013). The use of audio-visual materials in the teaching and learning processes in colleges of education in Benue State-Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(6), 44-55. Asyiah, D. N. (2017). The vocabulary teaching and vocabulary learning: Perception, strategies, and influences on students' vocabulary mastery. Jurnal Bahasa Lingua Scientia, 9(2), 293-318. August, D., Carlo, M., Dressler, C., & Snow, C. (2005). The critical role of vocabulary development for English language learners. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 20(1), 50-57. Aziz, H. (2016, September 28). Raising English language proficiency. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/09/176566/raising-english-language- proficiency Azlina, N. (2019). The effects of using interactive whiteboards on vocabulary acquisition in primary school students. International Journal of Education and Development, 10(1), 1-12. Azman, A., & Yusof, N. M. (2018). The impact of technology on teaching and learning in Sarawak schools. International Journal of Education and Development, 5(2), 115- 124. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum. (2017). Bahasa Inggeris Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan: Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia Balan, V. S., & Chande, S. (2019). Extension education and communication: Concept and future directions. Bio-Green Books. Barani, G., Mazandarani, O., & Rezaie, S. H. S. (2010). The effect of application of picture into picture audio-visual aids on vocabulary learning of young Iranian ELF learners. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 5362-5369. Bastanfar, A., & Hashemi, T. (2010). Vocabulary Learning Strategies and ELT Materials: A Study of the Extent to Which VLS Research Informs Local Coursebooks in Iran. International Education Studies, 3(3), 158-166. Bayoung, P. D., Rhessma, N.C.A, Theresa, C.L. & Yunus, M. M. (2019). Vocab-T: Enhancing Young Learners’ Vocabulary. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(1), 210-220. Bearman, M. (2019). Eliciting rich data: A practical approach to writing semi-structured interview schedules. Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal, 20(3), 1-11. Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman & Littlefield. Berne, J. I., & Blachowicz, C. L. (2008). What reading teachers say about vocabulary instruction: Voices from the classroom. The Reading Teacher, 62(4), 314-323. Bhatti, M. S., & Mukhtar, R. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of visual materials for teaching vocabulary at the primary level. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 6(2), 136-145. Bhatti, M. S., Mukhtar, R., Mazhar, S., & Touqir, I. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of visual materials for teaching vocabulary at primary level. IJASOS-International E-journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 3(7), 117-121. Borg, S. (1998). Teachers’ Pedagogical Systems and Grammar Teaching: A Qualitative Study. TESOL Quarterly, 32(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587900 Borg, S. (1999). Studying teacher cognition in second language grammar teaching. System, 27(1), 19-31. Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81-109. Borg, S., & Burns, A. (2008). Integrating grammar in adult TESOL classrooms. Applied Linguistics, 29(3), 456-482. Borich, G. D. (2007). Effective teaching methods: Research-based practice. Pearson Merrill. Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage. Boyd, F. B., Sullivan, M. P., Popp, J. S., & Hughes, M. (2012). Vocabulary instruction in the disciplines. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 56(1), 18-20. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Cahyono, B. Y. (2018). Logical problems of teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia. International Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Studies, 6(1), 1-10. Cahyono, B. Y., & Widiati, U. (2008). The teaching of EFL vocabulary in the Indonesian context: The state of the art. TEFLIN, 19(1), 2. Cahyono, B. Y., Latief, M. A., & Prayogo, J. A. (2018). ICC assessments and objectives grounded from Indonesian English teachers’ ELT practices in higher EFL education: Are they visible and worthy. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 5(4), 92-108. Cakir, I. (2006). The use of video as an audio-visual material in foreign language teaching classroom. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 5(4), 67-72. Calderhead, J. (1996). Teachers: Beliefs and knowledge. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 709–725). Prentice Hall International. Castleberry, A., & Nolen, A. (2018). Thematic analysis of qualitative research data: Is it as easy as it sounds?. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(6), 807-815. Chan, S. I. A. W., & KAPONG, J. M. (2021). Personal Growth Through English Proficiency: A Case Study in Sarawak. A. Âsaui atyndaġy Halykaralyk kazak-tùrìk universitetìnìn habaršysy, (122), 85-93. Chien, C. W. (2020). Taiwanese elementary school English teachers' perception of teacher leadership. Research in Education, 108(1), 46-61. Choudhury, N. R. (2011). The impact of social media on the spread of rumors. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 348-366. Cicek, V., & Tok, H. (2014). Effective use of lesson plans to enhance education in US and Turkish kindergarten thru 12th grade public school system: A comparative study. International Journal of Teaching and Education, 2(2), 10-20. Clark, C. M., & Peterson, P. L. (1986). Teachers' thought processes. In M. C. Wittrock (3rd ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 255-296). Macmillan. Corbell, C. A., Reiman, J., & Nietfeld, J. L. (2008). A comparison of performance-based assessment methods in teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(3), 238- 251 Council of Europe. (2001). Recommendation Rec(2001)18 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Subsidiary Protection. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3dde4c184.html Cowie, N. (2009). Observation. Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction, 165-181. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th ed.). Sage. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage. Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage. Daniel, J. (2013). Audio-visual aids in teaching English. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(8), 3811-3814. Darling-Hammond, L. (2000). Teacher quality and student achievement. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8, 1-1. Darmi, R., Saad, N. S. M., Abdullah, N., Puteh-Behak, F., Zakaria, Z. A., & Adnan, J. N. I. (2017). Teachers' views on students' performance in english language proficiency courses via CEFR descriptors. IJAEDU-International E-Journal of Advances in Education. Davis, F. (2018). Teaching vocabulary in the second language classroom. Routledge. Davis, G. M., & Fan, W. (2016). English vocabulary acquisition through songs in Chinese kindergarten students. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 59-71. De Sousa, L., Richter, B., & Nel, C. (2017). The effect of multimedia use on the teaching and learning of Social Sciences at tertiary level: a case study. Yesterday and Today, (17), 1-22. doi:10.17159/2223-0386/2017/n17a1 Dember, W. N. , Epstein, . William and West, Louis Jolyon (2023, September 1). Perception. https://www.britannica.com/topic/perception Deni, R., & Fahriany, F. (2020). Teachers' perspective on strategy for teaching English vocabulary to young learners. Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning, 9(1), 48-61. Denzin, N. K. (2017). Performance [auto] ethnography: Critical pedagogy and the politics of culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. Devi Krishnan, P., & Md Yunus, M. (2019). Blended CEFR in enhancing vocabulary among low proficiency students. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on CALL, (5). doi:10.1163/22105878-0050S0101 Dike, L. S. (1993). The use of audio-visual materials in the teaching and learning process. Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(4), 57-65. Dorneyi, Z., & Murphey, T. (2003). The relationship between motivation and language proficiency: A structural equation modelling approach. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 645-676 Eggen, P., & Kauchak, D. (2001). Educational psychology: Windows on classrooms (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon. Ertmer, P. A. (2005). Teacher pedagogical beliefs: The final frontier in our quest for technology integration?. Educational technology research and development, 53(4), 25-39. doi:10.1007/BF02504683 Eryaman, M. Y. (2007). From reflective practice to practical wisdom: Towards a post- foundational teacher education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), 87-107. Eze, E. U. (2013). Effect of instructional materials on the academic performance of junior secondary school students in social studies. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(16), 154-160. Farrell, T. S. C., & Lim, P. P. (2005). Conceptions of grammar teaching: A case study of teachers' beliefs and classroom practices. The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language, 9(2), 1-12. Fauziah, F., Rachmawati, E., & Misbahudin, M. (2018). Male-female efl students’perception on the use of audio-visual aids to improve their vocabulary mastery. JALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literacy), 2(1), 25-39. File, K. A., & Adams, R. (2010). Should vocabulary instruction be integrated or isolated?. TESOL Quarterly, 44(2), 222-249. Fischer, C. (2006). Research Methods for Psychologists: Introduction through Empirical Studies. Elsevier Inc Flick, U. (2018). Designing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Sage. Folse, K. S., & Briggs, S. J. (2004). Vocabulary myths: Applying second language research to classroom teaching (Vol. 10). University of Michigan Press. Fossey, E., Harvey, C., McDermott, F., & Davidson, L. (2002). Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Psychiatry, 36(6), 717-732. Gairns, R., & Redman, S. (1986). Working with words: a guide to teaching and learning vocabulary. Cambridge University Press. Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2003). Educational research: An introduction (7th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. Gatbonton, E. (2008). Looking beyond teachers' classroom behaviour: Novice and experienced ESL teachers' pedagogical knowledge. Language teaching research, 12(2), 161-182. Ghaffarzadeh Hassankiadeh, M. A. (2012). The effects of function-based and meaning- based instruction on the vocabulary learning of Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 2(1), 1-12. Grossman, P. L., Wilson, S. M., & Shulman, L. S. (1989). Teachers of substance: Subject matter knowledge for teaching. In M. C. Reynolds (Eds.), Knowledge base for the beginning teacher (pp. 23-36). Pergamon. Hariffin, A., & Said, N. E. M. (2019). The effects of captioned videos on primary ESL learners’ vocabulary acquisition in a Malaysian rural setting. International Journal, 2(7), 23-37. doi:10.35631/ijhpl.27003 Harmer, J. (2003). The practice of English language teaching (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching. Pearson Education. Hasram, S., Arif, F. K. M., Nasir, M. K. M., Mohamad, M., Daud, M. Y., Abd Rahman, M. J., & Mohammad, W. M. R. W. (2020). Online games for primary school vocabulary teaching and learning: A literature review. Creative Education, 11(11), 2327. doi:10.4236/ce.2020.1111170 Hassan, F., & Selamat, F. (2017). Why aren’t students proficient in esl: the teachers’perspective. The English Teacher, 17. Hayes, N. (1997). Doing qualitative analysis in psychology: A practical guide. Psychology Press. Hazita. (2016). Implementation and challenges of English language education reform in Malaysian primary schools. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 22(3), 65-78. doi:10.17576/3L-2016-2203-05 Hedrick, W. B., Harmon, J. M., & Linerode, P. M. (2004). Teachers' beliefs and practices of vocabulary instruction with social studies textbooks in grades 4-8. Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts, 45(2), 2. Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative research methods. Sage. Hermagustiana, I., & Rusmawaty, D. (2017, November). The use of technology for vocabulary instruction in EFL classrooms: Support and challenges. In 2017 International Conference on Education and Technology (2017 ICEduTech) (pp. 137- 143). Atlantis press. Hudson, T. (2007). Teaching second language reading. Oxford University Press. Kabooha, R., & Elyas, T. (2018). The effects of YouTube in multimedia instruction for vocabulary learning: Perceptions of EFL students and teachers. English language teaching, 11(2), 72-81. Kakar, N., & Naureen, S. (2017). Teachers’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness of audio visual aids at secondary school level. International Journal of Educational Investigations, 4(3), 22-32. Kalajahi, S. A. R., & Pourshahian, B. (2012). Vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size of elt students at emu in northern cyprus. English Language Teaching, 5(4), 138- 149. Karim, A., Reshmin, L., Kabilan, M. K., Shahed, F. H., Rahman, M. M., & Singh, M. K. M. (2020). Understanding EFL teachers’ beliefs and practices in EFL classrooms: A phenomenological approach to the impact of teacher education program in Bangladesh. The Qualitative Report, 25(10), 3683-3718. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4272 Kaur, P., & Jian, M. Z. (2022). The CEFR-aligned curriculum: Perspectives of Malaysian teachers. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 4(1), 138-145. Kebiel, M. (2012). The impact of teacher education on student achievement: A meta-analysis of research findings. Review of Educational Research, 82(4), 495-548. Keiler, D. (2018). Teachers' roles and identities in student-centered classrooms. International Journal of STEM Education, 5(1), 1-16. Kessler, G. (2018). Technology and the future of language teaching. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 205-218. Khoii, M., & Shrififar, M. (2013). The effects of task-based learning on Iranian EFL learners' vocabulary learning. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 2(6), 17-25. Khoii, R., & Sharififar, S. (2013). Memorization versus semantic mapping in L2 vocabulary acquisition. ELT Journal, 67(2), 199-209. doi:10.1093/elt/cct008 Kiss, T., & Rimbar, H. (2021). English language teacher agency in rural Sarawak: Exploiting teaching materials. The English Teacher, 50(2). Koizumi, R., & In'nami, Y. (2012). Effects of text length on lexical diversity measures: Using short texts with less than 200 tokens. System, 40(4), 554-564. König, J., Lammerding, S., Nold, G., Rohde, A., Strauß, S., & Tachtsoglou, S. (2016). Teachers’ professional knowledge for teaching English as a foreign language: Assessing the outcomes of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 67(4), 320-337. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International. Kultsun, A. (2017). The impact of technology on education: A review of the literature. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s41239-017-0066-5 Kweldju, S. (2004). Lexically-based language teaching: an innovative step for ELT in Indonesia. The tapestry of English language teaching and learning in Indonesia, 37- 56. Lateh, N. H. M., Shamsudin, S., & Raof, A. H. A. (2018). Receptive vocabulary levels of Malaysian university students. LSP International Journal, 5(1). 105-113. https://doi.org/10.11113/lspi.v5n1.68 Ler, E. C. (2012). Cultutal Factors Affecting English Proficiency in Rural Areas. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 3(1), 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.3n.1p.1 Lessard-Clouston, M. (2013). Teaching Vocabulary. TESOL International Association. Li, L., & Walsh, S. (2011). ‘Seeing is believing’: Looking at EFL teachers’ beliefs through classroom interaction. Classroom Discourse, 2(1), 39-57. Liu, F., & Maitlis, S. (2010). Non-participant observation. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos, & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (pp. 519-521). Sage. Liu, S. (2013). Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Case Study of ESL Teacher Educator. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 128-138. doi:10.5539/elt.v6n7p128 Lo, Y. Y. (2018). English teachers’concern on common european framework of reference for languages (cefr): an application of cbam. JuKu: Jurnal Kurikulum & Pengajaran Asia Pasifik, 6(1), 46-58. Loewenberg Ball, D., Thames, M. H., & Phelps, G. (2008). Content knowledge for teaching: What makes it special?. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(5), 389-407. doi:10.1177/0022487108324554 Lowe, J. (2012). Poverty and education: A review of the literature. Educational Review, 64(2), 123-149. Lu, D. H. (2017). Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices: ESL Teachers’ Perceptions of Vocabulary Instruction. Culminating Projects in English, 93. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/engl_etds/93 Lynch, M. J. (1990). Sociology. Sage Publications. Ma’rifat, D. (2017). A case study of using songs in teaching English vocabulary to young learners. Journal of English and Education, 5(1), 1-16. Make, M., & Yonas, A. (2018). Teachers perception on the use of audiovisual materials to teach english speaking skill: Abba pascal girls school in focus. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 7(1), 1-6. doi: 10.18488/journal.23.2018.71.1.6 Malaysian Ministry of Education. (2013). Malaysia education blueprint 2013- 2025. Education, 27(1), 1-268. Malaysia education blueprint 2013- 2025. Education, 27(1), 1-268. Mansourzadeh, N. (2014). A comparative study of teaching vocabulary through pictures and audio-visual aids to young Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Elementary Education, 24(1), 47-59. Mardali, H., & Siyyari, M. (2019). The effects of technology-assisted learning on EFL learners' motivation and achievement. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 8(1), 1-10. Mathew, N. G., & Alidmat, A. O. H. (2013). A study on the usefulness of audio-visual aids in EFL classroom: Implications for effective instruction. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2), 86-92. McCarthy, J. (2019). The future of artificial intelligence. In S. Russell & P. Norvig (4th Eds.), Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (pp. 1-10). Pearson. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage. Millington, N. T. (2011). Using songs effectively to teach English to young learners. Language education in Asia, 2(1), 134-141. Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054. Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers college record, 108(6), 1017-1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x Moradkhani, M. (2013). The impact of task-based instruction on EFL learners' oral proficiency. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(3), 191-202. Muhamad, M., & Kiely, R. (2018). Understanding Teachers' Pedagogical Knowledge In ESL Vocabulary Teaching. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 7(1), 36-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v7i1.1328 Musa, N. C., Lie, K. Y., & Azman, H. (2012). Exploring English language learning and teaching in Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 12(1). Mutanga, O., Manyonga, B., & Ngubane-Mokiwa, S. (2018). Inclusion of students with disabilities in South African higher education. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65(2), 229-242. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2017.1368460 Naibaho, H., Prasetio, T., Hulu, D., & Lubis, V. H. (2019). The effect of work-family conflict on proactive work behavior and turnover intention: the role of supervisory support as a moderating variable. Knowledge Management, 19(1), 21-36. Nation, I. S. P. (2013). Learning vocabulary in another language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Nation, I. S. P., & Macalister, J. (2020). Teaching ESL/EFL reading and writing (2nd ed.). Routledge. Nation, I. S., & Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language (Vol. 10). Cambridge university press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524759 Nation, P. (2017). How vocabulary is learned. Indonesian JELT: Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching, 12(1), 1-14. Nation, P. (2021). Is it worth teaching vocabulary?. TESOL Journal, 12(4), e564. Nation, P., & Meara, P. (2013). 3 Vocabulary. In An introduction to applied linguistics (pp. 44-62). Routledge. Nawai, R., & Said, N. E. M. (2020). Implementation challenges of common European framework reference (CEFR) in a Malaysian setting: Insights on English teachers’ attitude. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(7), 28-41. Nelson, D. (2016). Explore the practices and challenges of English teachers in using audio visual aids to teach vocabulary. International Education and Research Journal, 2(8), 22-26. Nga, P. T. T. (2021). An investigation into difficulties in designing lesson plans experienced by pre-service teachers at the University of Foreign Language Studies–The University of Danang. Borneo International Journal of Education (BIJE), 3. Ngu, M. K. & Azlina. (2019). English language teachers’ perceptions on the implementation of CEFR-aligned curriculum among primary schools in Malaysia. In Seminar Wacana Pendidikan (pp. 212-222). Nguyen, T. C., & Nguyen, H. B. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions about using songs in vocabulary instruction to young language learners. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(6), 2678-2685. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080652 Niu, R., & Andrews, S. (2012). Commonalities and discrepancies in l2 teachers’ beliefs and practices about vocabulary pedagogy: A small culture perspective. TESOL Journal, 6, 134–154. Nor, F. M., Mazlan, M. H., Rajab, A. Z. I. Z. A. H., & Baru, P. A. (2015). English language teachers’ perceived difficulty of English skills faced by ESL learners. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences ISSN, 1(1), 12-18. Nurul Farehah Mohamad Uri & Mohd Sallehhudin Abd Aziz. (2018). Implementation of CEFR in Malaysia: Teachers’ Awareness and the Challenges. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 24(3), 168-183. http://doi.org/10.17576/3L-2018-2403-13 O’Toole, J. M. (2019). The use of video technology in the classroom among Jordanian Secondary School teachers in amman: An integrative mixed methods study [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Newcastle Australia]. Ozden, M. (2008). The Effect of Content Knowledge on Pedagogical Content Knowledge: The Case of Teaching Phases of Matters. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 8(2), 633-645. doi:10.12738/estp.2008.2.633 Palmer, J. (1997). The human organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(4), 294- 307. Park, G. (1999). Audio Visual Aids. Routledge. Pathak, V., Jena, B., & Kalra, S. (2013). Qualitative research. Perspectives in clinical research, 4(3), 192. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed.). Sage. Pavia, N., Webb, S., & Faez, F. (2019). Incidental vocabulary learning through listening to songs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(4), 745-768. Permana, I. G. Y. (2020). Teaching vocabulary for elementary school students. The Art of Teaching English as a Foreign Language, 1(2), 1-4. Phan, T. T. N. (2021). An investigation into difficulties in designing lesson plans experienced by pre-service teachers at the University of Foreign Language Studies– The University of Danang. Borneo International Journal of Education (BIJE), 3. https://doi.org/10.51200/bije.v3i.4109 Phipps, S., & Borg, S. (2009). Exploring tensions between teachers' grammar teaching beliefs and practices. System, 37(3), 380-390. doi:10.1016/j.system.2009.02.003 Pompea, S., & Walker, J. (2017). The importance of pedagogical content knowledge in curriculum development for illumination engineering. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s41239-017- 0066-5 Rabionet, M. (2011). The use of semi-structured interviews in research on language learning and use. Language Teaching, 44(4), 401-421. doi:10.1017/S0261444811000228 Rahimi, M., & Asadi, E. (2014). Effect of different types of written corrective feedback on accuracy and overall quality of L2 learners’ writing. European Journal of Academic Essays, 1(6), 1-7. Rahman, M. M., Singh, M. K. M., & Pandian, A. (2018). Exploring ESL Teacher Beliefs and Classroom Practices of CLT: A Case Study. International Journal of Instruction, 11(1), 295-310. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11121a Rahman, T. (2013). Achieving in content through language: Towards a CEFR descriptor scale for academic language proficiency. RELC Journal, 44(1), 52-70. doi:10.1177/0033688212459455 Raniah, K. and Tariq, E. (2018). The effects of YouTube in multimedia instruction for vocabulary learning: Perceptions of EFL students and teachers. English Language Teaching, 11 (2), 72-81. Raniah, S., & Tariq, A. (2018). The impact of gamification on student engagement and performance in higher education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 126, 166-184. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.02.012 Rapley, T. (2007). Doing conversation, discourse and document analysis. Sage. Rasouli, F., & Jafari, K. (2016). A deeper understanding of L2 vocabulary learning and teaching: A review study. International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 4(1), 40-46. Razali, W. N., Amin, M. N., Kudus, N. V., & Musa, M. K. (2017). Using card game to improve vocabulary retention: A preliminary study. International Academic Research Journal of Social Science, 3(1), 30-36. Reed, D. K. (2012). Why teach spelling?. Center on Instruction. Resti, R., & Spada, N. (2017). Incidental learning in the foreign language classroom: A review of the literature. Language Teaching, 50(3), 358-393. Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2002). Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Longman. Ritcher, S., & Nel, C. (2017). The impact of task design on incidental learning in second language classrooms. Language Teaching Research, 21(6), 810-833. Rouhani, S., & Purgharib, T. (2013). Effects of using flashcards on vocabulary acquisition in EFL. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(6), 1459-1466. doi:10.17507/jltr.0406.40 Saddenova Bagila, A., Kok, A., & Zhumabaeva, A. (2019). The effectiveness of multimedia- based instruction on students' academic achievement in English as a foreign language. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 117-132. doi:10.29333/iji.2019.121108 Sangster, P., Anderson, C., & O’Hara, P. (2013). Perceived and actual levels of knowledge about language amongst primary and secondary student teachers: Do they know what they think they know?. Language Awareness, 22(4), 293-319. doi:10.1080/09658416.2012.722643 Santos, J. M., & Castro, R. D. (2021). Technological Pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in action: Application of learning in the classroom by pre-service teachers (PST). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), doi:10.1177/23977289211007001 Schmitt, N. (2014). Size and depth of vocabulary knowledge: What the research shows. Language learning, 64(4), 913-951. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12077 Schuetze, U. (2015). Spacing techniques in second language vocabulary acquisition: Short- term gains vs long-term memory. Language Teaching Research, 19(1), 28-42. Scott, JA, & Nagy, WE (1997). Reading and vocabulary development: A synthesis of research. Educational Psychologist, 32(3), 229-241. Shafie, A., & Nayan, M. M. (2010). The relationship between self-efficacy and academic achievement among secondary school students in Malaysia. International Education Studies, 3(2), 103-110. Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1-23. Shulman, L. S., & Shulman, J. H. (2004). How and what teachers learn: A shifting perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 36(2), 257-271. doi:10.1080/002202704200022122 Singh, C. K. S. (2021). Review of research on the use of audio-visual aids among learners’ English language. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(3), 895-904. Singh, Y. K. (2005). Instructional technology in education. APH Publishing. Singh, Y. K. (2007). Teaching practice: Lesson planning. APH Publishing. Sofi, M. A. (2017). The effectiveness of audio-visual aids in teaching learning process at the university level. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 2(2), 271-272. Sonbul, S., & Schmitt, N. (2010). Direct teaching of vocabulary after reading: Is it worth the effort?. ELT Journal, 64(3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp059 Sovakandan, H., Jaganathan, P., & Hussin, F. M. (2017). Investigating low proficiency ESL students’ perception of the use of i-Think Maps in writing practices. Malaysian Journal of ELT Research, 14(2), 1-13. Stæhr, L. S. (2008). Vocabulary size and the skills of listening, reading and writing. Language Learning Journal, 36(2), 139-152. Suri Mira, A., Iman, M., & Nursanti, N. (2021). The relationship between self-efficacy, motivation, and English proficiency among Indonesian pre-service teachers. International Journal of English Language Education, 9(1), 25-37. Susanto, A. (2017). The teaching of vocabulary: A perspective. Jurnal Kata: Penelitian Tentang Ilmu Bahasa Dan Sastra, 1(2), 182-191. Sutrisna, G. (2021). Vocabulary Acquisition in EFL: A Literature Review of Innovative Vocabulary Teaching Strategies. Yavana Bhasha: Journal of English Language Education, 4(1), 8-17. Sutrisna, G., & Artini, L. P. (2020). Does Problem-Based Learning Affect Students’ Speaking Skill and Attitude toward ELL?. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, 6(2), 131-138. Swank, R. C. (2011). The educational function of the university library. Tabachnick, B. R., & Zeichner, K. M. (1984). The teaching of methods courses in teacher education. In L. S. Shulman & G. Sykes (Eds.), Handbook of teaching and policy (pp. 399-448). Macmillan. Takač, V. P., & Singleton, D. (2008). Vocabulary learning strategies and foreign language acquisition. Multilingual Matters Ltd. Tamimi Sa’d, S. H., & Rajabi, F. (2018). Teaching and learning vocabulary: what English language learners perceive to be effective and ineffective strategies. CEPS Journal, 8(1), 139-163. Tan, K. H., & Philip, B. (2019). Exploring teacher cognition in Malaysian ESL classrooms. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 25(4), 156-178. doi:10.17576/3L-2019-2504-10 Tan, K. H., Philip, B., & anak Jandar, W. (2019). Teacher Cognition in ESL Context: A Pedagogical Perspective in Malaysian Classroom. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Tan, K. H., Philip, B., & anak Jandar, W. (2019). Teacher Cognition in ESL Context: A Pedagogical Perspective in Malaysian Classroom. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Thamil Selvi, D. R. N. R. M. (2007). Audiovisual aids in education. International Journal of Educational Research, 43(3), 223-230. doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2007.02.001 Thornbury, S. (2002). How to teach vocabulary. Longman. Tondeur, J., Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Baran, E. (2017). A comprehensive investigation of TPACK within pre-service teachers’ ICT profiles: Mind the gap!. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(3). Tuckett, A. G. (2005). Applying thematic analysis theory to practice: A researcher's experience. Contemporary Nurse, 19(1), 75-87. Utami, D. (2015). Teaching Vocabulary using Audio Visual Aids. Surakarta: School of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Utami, T., & Fauzi, M. N. (2015). Implementasi Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) dalam Pembelajaran Daring di Perguruan Tinggi. Jurnal Agroteknologi, 4(1), 1830–1837. Valtonen, T., Lahti, L., & Mäntylä, T. (2020). TPACK updated to measure pre-service teachers' twenty-first century skills. Education Sciences, 10(2), 262. Walliman, N. (2011). Research methods: The basics. Routledge. Wang, F., & Yamat, H. (2019). Identifying English vocabulary levels of Malaysia Year 5 primary school students. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(12), 62-76. Ward, S. C., Bagley, C., Lumby, J., Hamilton, T., Woods, P., & Roberts, A. (2016). What is ‘policy’and what is ‘policy response’? An illustrative study of the implementation of the Leadership Standards for Social Justice in Scotland. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(1), 43- 56. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214558580 Washburn, D. (2016). The effect of technology on student achievement: A meta-analysis of the research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(4), 623-646. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9452-4 Wasik, B. A. (2010). What teachers can do to promote preschoolers' vocabulary development: Strategies from an effective language and literacy professional development coaching model. The Reading Teacher, 63(8), 621-633. doi:10.1598/RT.63.8.1 Wazeema, T. M. F., & Kareema, M. I. F. (2017). Implication of multimedia audio-visual aids in the English language classroom. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 7(1), 113-120. doi:10.20472/ijhss.v7i1.1245 Woolfitt, Z. (2015). The effective use of video in higher education. Lectoraat Teaching, Learning and Technology Inholland University of Applied Sciences, 1(1), 1-49. Yeh, Y. F., Hsu, Y. S., Wu, H. K., Hwang, F. K., & Lin, T. C. (2014). Developing and validating technological pedagogical content knowledge‐practical (TPACK‐ practical) through the D elphi survey technique. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(4), 707-722. doi:10.1111/bjet.12078 Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. The Guilford Press. Yonas, A., & Senapathy, M. (2020). The Factors Impede Teachers’ Effective Use of Audio Visual Materials to Teach English Speaking Skills: ABBA PASCAL Girls’ School in Focus, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal, 1(3), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v1i3.157 Yovanoff, P., Duesbery, L., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2005). Grade‐level invariance of a theoretical causal structure predicting reading comprehension with vocabulary and oral reading fluency. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 24(3), 4-12. Zeta, M., McGeoch, MA, & Webb, ME (2019). The relevance and application of zeta diversity. Ecological Monographs, 89(4), 779-800. Zhang, W. (2008). In search of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' knowledge of vocabulary instruction [Doctorate Thesis, Georgia State University]. doi: https://doi.org/10.57709/1059185 Zhang, Y. (2011). The use of vocabulary learning strategies by good and poor language learners: a case study of Chinese Non-English major sophomores. Zulkefli, A. S. (2017, November 4). M'sian students, teachers show vast improvement in CEFR as per Cambridge Evaluation Study 2017. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/11/299126/msian-students-teachers- show-vast-improvement-cefr-cambridge-evaluation