Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal

While adsorption is recognized as an effective water treatment method, the high cost associated with conventional adsorbents hinders its feasibility for widespread applications. Therefore, this study aims to synthesis and characterise magnetic-activated carbon derived from sago bark (SBMAC), an abun...

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Main Author:	Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2024
Subjects:	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/46441/3/ThesisMEng_Nur%20Amalina%20Naimah.pdf
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spelling	my-unimas-ir.464412024-10-22T01:01:01Z Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal 2024-08-16 Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering While adsorption is recognized as an effective water treatment method, the high cost associated with conventional adsorbents hinders its feasibility for widespread applications. Therefore, this study aims to synthesis and characterise magnetic-activated carbon derived from sago bark (SBMAC), an abundant agriculture waste, as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution. Beforehand, the optimal SBMAC preparation parameters were determined using the response surface methodology Box-Behnken Design (BBD) via the Stat-Ease Design Expert software. The response surface methodology BBD revealed that the optimal preparation parameters for SBMAC were an impregnation ratio of 1.5, a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C, and a heating time of 60 minutes. By employing the optimal preparation parameters, SBMAC was prepared through single-stage pyrolysis and impregnated with FeCl3.6H2O and FeSO4.7H2O as magnetic media and KOH as an activating agent. The sago bark powder (SBP), SBMAC, and SBMAC after dye adsorption (SBMAC2) were characterised using BET, SEM-EDX, and FTIR analyses. Furthermore, The BET analysis of SBMAC reveals a specific surface area of 849.906 m²/g and a total pore volume of 2.47 cm³/g, 30 times higher than SBP and decreasing after adsorption. The FTIR analysis of SBMAC and SBMAC2 indicates the presence of the stretching vibration of Fe-O, which is absent in SBP. Additionally, stronger O-H peak intensities and the presence of C-Cl band following methylene blue adsorption indicate the occurrence of methylene blue adsorption. The SEM analysis displays a granular texture for SBP and SBMAC, although SBMAC exhibits fewer visible pores than SBP. Additionally, EDX analysis of SBP reveals a high percentage of carbon and oxygen, whereas SBMAC and SBMAC2 have high percentages of carbon, oxygen, and iron elements. The SBMAC was employed in batch adsorption experiments to evaluate iv adsorption kinetics, isotherms, the effect of temperature and adsorption thermodynamics, the effect of adsorbent dosage, and the pHPZC and the effects of pH. The batch kinetics experiments were conducted at four distinct dye concentrations (100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, and 500 mg/L). The results indicate that the highest initial dye concentration required the longest duration to reach equilibrium, in contrast to the lower concentrations. Furthermore, the adsorption of all four initial concentrations exhibited the best fit with the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, displaying R2 values exceeding 0.998, in contrast to the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model. Notably, the kinetic adsorption data did not align with the intraparticle diffusion model (ID), indicating that multiple processes influence the dye adsorption onto SBMAC. In the context of adsorption isotherms, the model that fits best is the Freundlich isotherm model, exhibiting an R2 value of 0.9662 along with a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 1655.05 mg/g. Meanwhile, for the effect of temperature and adsorption thermodynamics, the highest adsorption capacity was attained at the lowest temperature of 30°C, and the adsorption process was found to be exothermic. For the effect of adsorbent dosage, the most optimal adsorbent dosage was observed at 1.0 g/L for the removal of dye. For pHPZC and the effect of pH, the pHPZC of the adsorption was calculated at pH 6.74 and the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at the initial pH 11. In conclusion, SBMAC was successfully prepared from sago bark having a high-adsorption capacity adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye applications. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 2024-08 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/46441/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/46441/3/ThesisMEng_Nur%20Amalina%20Naimah.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Faculty of Engineering
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering
spellingShingle	TD Environmental technology Sanitary engineering Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
description	While adsorption is recognized as an effective water treatment method, the high cost associated with conventional adsorbents hinders its feasibility for widespread applications. Therefore, this study aims to synthesis and characterise magnetic-activated carbon derived from sago bark (SBMAC), an abundant agriculture waste, as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from an aqueous solution. Beforehand, the optimal SBMAC preparation parameters were determined using the response surface methodology Box-Behnken Design (BBD) via the Stat-Ease Design Expert software. The response surface methodology BBD revealed that the optimal preparation parameters for SBMAC were an impregnation ratio of 1.5, a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C, and a heating time of 60 minutes. By employing the optimal preparation parameters, SBMAC was prepared through single-stage pyrolysis and impregnated with FeCl3.6H2O and FeSO4.7H2O as magnetic media and KOH as an activating agent. The sago bark powder (SBP), SBMAC, and SBMAC after dye adsorption (SBMAC2) were characterised using BET, SEM-EDX, and FTIR analyses. Furthermore, The BET analysis of SBMAC reveals a specific surface area of 849.906 m²/g and a total pore volume of 2.47 cm³/g, 30 times higher than SBP and decreasing after adsorption. The FTIR analysis of SBMAC and SBMAC2 indicates the presence of the stretching vibration of Fe-O, which is absent in SBP. Additionally, stronger O-H peak intensities and the presence of C-Cl band following methylene blue adsorption indicate the occurrence of methylene blue adsorption. The SEM analysis displays a granular texture for SBP and SBMAC, although SBMAC exhibits fewer visible pores than SBP. Additionally, EDX analysis of SBP reveals a high percentage of carbon and oxygen, whereas SBMAC and SBMAC2 have high percentages of carbon, oxygen, and iron elements. The SBMAC was employed in batch adsorption experiments to evaluate iv adsorption kinetics, isotherms, the effect of temperature and adsorption thermodynamics, the effect of adsorbent dosage, and the pHPZC and the effects of pH. The batch kinetics experiments were conducted at four distinct dye concentrations (100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, and 500 mg/L). The results indicate that the highest initial dye concentration required the longest duration to reach equilibrium, in contrast to the lower concentrations. Furthermore, the adsorption of all four initial concentrations exhibited the best fit with the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, displaying R2 values exceeding 0.998, in contrast to the pseudo-first-order (PFO) model. Notably, the kinetic adsorption data did not align with the intraparticle diffusion model (ID), indicating that multiple processes influence the dye adsorption onto SBMAC. In the context of adsorption isotherms, the model that fits best is the Freundlich isotherm model, exhibiting an R2 value of 0.9662 along with a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 1655.05 mg/g. Meanwhile, for the effect of temperature and adsorption thermodynamics, the highest adsorption capacity was attained at the lowest temperature of 30°C, and the adsorption process was found to be exothermic. For the effect of adsorbent dosage, the most optimal adsorbent dosage was observed at 1.0 g/L for the removal of dye. For pHPZC and the effect of pH, the pHPZC of the adsorption was calculated at pH 6.74 and the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at the initial pH 11. In conclusion, SBMAC was successfully prepared from sago bark having a high-adsorption capacity adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye applications.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon
author_facet	Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon
author_sort	Nur Amalina Naimah, Hamidon
title	Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
title_short	Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
title_full	Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
title_fullStr	Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal
title_sort	synthesis of sago bark-derived magnetic-activated carbon for methylene blue removal
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Faculty of Engineering
publishDate	2024
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/46441/3/ThesisMEng_Nur%20Amalina%20Naimah.pdf
_version_	1818611700900823040

Synthesis of Sago Bark-Derived Magnetic-Activated Carbon for Methylene Blue Removal

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