Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

Among birds, the order Charadriiformes are considerably well-studied but taxonomic and phylogenetic information at the intra family level are still lacking. The main focus of this study is to describe the evolutionary traits within Scolopacidae species (waders) with inference on their macrogeographi...

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Main Author:	Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2014
Subjects:	QL Zoology
Online Access:	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/9028/1/Nurul%20Ashikeen%20Ab%20Razak%20ft.pdf
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id	my-unimas-ir.9028
record_format	uketd_dc
institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
collection	UNIMAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	QL Zoology
spellingShingle	QL Zoology Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
description	Among birds, the order Charadriiformes are considerably well-studied but taxonomic and phylogenetic information at the intra family level are still lacking. The main focus of this study is to describe the evolutionary traits within Scolopacidae species (waders) with inference on their macrogeographic distributional pattern in Southeast Asian region, particularly in Sarawak. This study consists of two main research components. The first is the macrogeographical distribution of Scolopacids in Southeast Asian region and their habitat utilization derived from regional avian database (eg: Bird field guides, published reports and surveys). The data analysis was illustrated by comparative Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) on species distribution and their habitat preferences. Essentially, the general distribution pattern of shorebirds within the Southeast Asian countries was also presented with emphasis on the specific distribution of the Scolopacidae species during non-breeding season along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF). The second component is the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship of Scolopacidae species using two different markers; the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear DNA Recombinant Activating Gene 1 (RAG1). Overall, 16 species of Scolopacidae were sampled from six selected sampling sites across Sarawak. These include Lundu, Asajaya, Buntal, Sungai Aur, Kampung Chupak and Pulau Bruit. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using four inference methods; Neighbour-Joinning (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI). In general, the result from my first component revealed that shorebirds as well as waders are widely dispersed throughout Southeast Asian countries although their distributional patterns were slightly different. This is further demonstrated by the dendrogram clustering of waders where Burma was separated from other Southeast Asian countries. Whereas, for dendrogram of shorebirds; vi Burma, Vietnam and Thailand were clustered together as a group. Hence, the distributional patterns are consistent with the recent tectonic plates that consist of mainland and island formations. In addition, waders performed migration using unique and specific pathways within East Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF). Within their pathways, waders exhibited specific preferences in selecting the most fitting and suitable habitat for feeding and roosting. This is perhaps best modelled by subfamily Scolopacinae (snipe) in which this particular inland group is potentially a habitat specialist rather than a habitat generalist group. On the other hand, the molecular evidences for both DNA genes and combined genes revealed consistent tree topology groupings of two major clades, which are large sandpipers (Numeniinae) derived as the basal lineage and another group consisting of small to medium sandpipers (Calidriinae, Scolopacinae, and Tringinae). Within all phylogenetic trees, Bayesian inference (BI) from combined genes displayed the most resolved tree of all inference methods. As a whole, the evolutionary patterns of genetic traits within the Scolopacidae family were plausibly incongruent with their specific distribution and habitat preferences. This is shown by the cluster analysis depicting that the Scolopacinaes were clearly isolated from the others. On the contrary, this group was closely related to Tringinae in the phylogenetic trees. Although both are genetically related, they have probably evolved different morphological features that permitted them to adapt in suitable habitat.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak
author_facet	Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak
author_sort	Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak
title	Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
title_short	Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
title_full	Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
title_fullStr	Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
title_full_unstemmed	Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
title_sort	distribution patterns, migration route and phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: scolopacidae) in sarawak, malaysian borneo
granting_institution	Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
granting_department	Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation
publishDate	2014
url	http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/9028/1/Nurul%20Ashikeen%20Ab%20Razak%20ft.pdf
_version_	1783728000267714560
spelling	my-unimas-ir.90282023-05-24T03:05:02Z Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo 2014 Nurul Ashikeen, Ab Razak QL Zoology Among birds, the order Charadriiformes are considerably well-studied but taxonomic and phylogenetic information at the intra family level are still lacking. The main focus of this study is to describe the evolutionary traits within Scolopacidae species (waders) with inference on their macrogeographic distributional pattern in Southeast Asian region, particularly in Sarawak. This study consists of two main research components. The first is the macrogeographical distribution of Scolopacids in Southeast Asian region and their habitat utilization derived from regional avian database (eg: Bird field guides, published reports and surveys). The data analysis was illustrated by comparative Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) on species distribution and their habitat preferences. Essentially, the general distribution pattern of shorebirds within the Southeast Asian countries was also presented with emphasis on the specific distribution of the Scolopacidae species during non-breeding season along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF). The second component is the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationship of Scolopacidae species using two different markers; the mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and the nuclear DNA Recombinant Activating Gene 1 (RAG1). Overall, 16 species of Scolopacidae were sampled from six selected sampling sites across Sarawak. These include Lundu, Asajaya, Buntal, Sungai Aur, Kampung Chupak and Pulau Bruit. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using four inference methods; Neighbour-Joinning (NJ), Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI). In general, the result from my first component revealed that shorebirds as well as waders are widely dispersed throughout Southeast Asian countries although their distributional patterns were slightly different. This is further demonstrated by the dendrogram clustering of waders where Burma was separated from other Southeast Asian countries. Whereas, for dendrogram of shorebirds; vi Burma, Vietnam and Thailand were clustered together as a group. Hence, the distributional patterns are consistent with the recent tectonic plates that consist of mainland and island formations. In addition, waders performed migration using unique and specific pathways within East Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF). Within their pathways, waders exhibited specific preferences in selecting the most fitting and suitable habitat for feeding and roosting. This is perhaps best modelled by subfamily Scolopacinae (snipe) in which this particular inland group is potentially a habitat specialist rather than a habitat generalist group. On the other hand, the molecular evidences for both DNA genes and combined genes revealed consistent tree topology groupings of two major clades, which are large sandpipers (Numeniinae) derived as the basal lineage and another group consisting of small to medium sandpipers (Calidriinae, Scolopacinae, and Tringinae). Within all phylogenetic trees, Bayesian inference (BI) from combined genes displayed the most resolved tree of all inference methods. As a whole, the evolutionary patterns of genetic traits within the Scolopacidae family were plausibly incongruent with their specific distribution and habitat preferences. This is shown by the cluster analysis depicting that the Scolopacinaes were clearly isolated from the others. On the contrary, this group was closely related to Tringinae in the phylogenetic trees. Although both are genetically related, they have probably evolved different morphological features that permitted them to adapt in suitable habitat. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, (UNIMAS) 2014 Thesis http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/9028/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/9028/1/Nurul%20Ashikeen%20Ab%20Razak%20ft.pdf text en validuser masters Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation

Distribution patterns, migration route and Phylogenetic relationship of waders (aves: Scolopacidae) in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo

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