Characterization of Cyrtostachys renda / kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) / multi-walled carbon nanotubes / bio-phenolic hybrid composites for aircraft tray tables
Aircraft utilize carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fibers reinforced for structural parts. Their waste management has far-reaching environmental implications. This has reignited interest in green biodegradable sources. From the experimental results, leaf stalk of Cyrtostachys renda (CR) was i...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103981/1/TAMIL%20MOLI%20AP%20LOGANATHAN%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Aircraft utilize carbon fiber, glass fiber, and aramid fibers reinforced for structural
parts. Their waste management has far-reaching environmental implications.
This has reignited interest in green biodegradable sources. From the
experimental results, leaf stalk of Cyrtostachys renda (CR) was identified as a
potential reinforcement in comparison to Ptychosperma macarthurii (PM) fibers,
in the polymeric composites for lightweight applications. Experimental was
based on a few parameters of NaOH treatment found that 3 wt.% NaOH for an
hour yields ideal effects on the CR fiber properties. The composites were
prepared using a hot press machine. Mechanical, physical and flammability
properties of CR fiber as reinforcement in bio-phenolic composites were
analysed. Composites with 3 wt.% of NaOH CR fiber length in the ranges of 1.18-
0.6, 0.6-0.3 and less than 0.3 mm in 20 wt.% and 40 wt.% were prepared and
found that, composite containing 40 wt.% fiber of length less than 0.3 mm has
the highest tensile and flexural strengths. The evaluation of the influence of CR
fiber and the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on the
morphology, thermal, mechanical, and flammability properties of bio-phenolic
composites was performed. The presence of MWCNT in phenolic, enhanced the
flexural, tensile and impact strength as much as 6.5%, 20% and 8.7%
respectively compared to pristine phenolic. The addition of CR fiber, however,
strengthened MWCNT filled phenolic composites, by improving the flexural,
tensile and impact strength by as much as 16.7%, 45 %, and 194 %, respectively.
Mechanical, thermal and flammability were performed on the effect of
hybridization different hybrid Cytostachys Renda (CR) / kenaf fiber (K) (10C:0K,
7C:3K, 5C:5K, 3C:7K, 0C:10K) reinforced 0.5 wt.% MWCNT filled phenolic
composites. The highest tensile and flexural properties was found for weight
fraction of CR and kenaf fiber at 5C:5K (44.96 MPa) and 3C:7K (90.89 MPa)
composites respectively, while the highest impact properties were obtained for
0C:10K composites (10.26 kJ/m2). The TGA, DTG and DSC results revealed
that, 7C:3K composite revealed as the most thermal stability hybrid composites
of CR and kenaf fiber. The highest time to ignition (TTI) and fire performance
index (FPI), the lowest total heat release (THR) and average mass loss rate
(MLRAVG), with the lowest fire growth rate index (FIGRA) and maximum
average rate of heat emission (MARHE) index, 3C:7K composite shows the best
fire-retardant performance. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity
to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach considered 3C:7K composite to be the most
desirable for use as a hybrid CR/kenaf fiber modified phenolic composite. A free
fall drop test was performed to analyse the performance of the aircraft tray table.
Non-destructive testing such as visual examination, dye penetration, Digital
Detector Array (DDA), and Computed Tomography (CT-scan) method were
carried out to investigate the damage mechanism and crack length. From the
results it was observed that, as the impact energy increased from 1.50 J to 3.0
J, the crack length increased. There are 3-15% difference in crack sizing
between dye penetration and DDA, indicating that DDA is more accurate. The
research findings provision that hybridization of CR fiber and kenaf / MWCNT /
phenolic composites has the potential to be used as green and biodegradable
composites for interior components of the aviation sector, particularly tray table
applications. |
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