Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
The depletion of non-renewable petroleum reserve, the consequent rising price of diesel as well as environmental concerns about air pollution caused by the combustion of conventional fuel has stimulated the interest on the development of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for pe...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
2019
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112204/1/FS%202019%2093%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | The depletion of non-renewable petroleum reserve, the consequent rising price
of diesel as well as environmental concerns about air pollution caused by the
combustion of conventional fuel has stimulated the interest on the development
of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for petrol-based diesel that
can be used directly in transports without engine modifications and it has a
nearly same engine performance as petrol-diesel. However, the cost of
biodiesel production mostly contributed from the cost of feedstock applied.
Thus biodiesel production from crude palm oil is very crucial to reduce the cost
and its compatibility and reusability with the suitable acid catalyst. In this study,
varying composition of bismuth-nickel oxide (Bi-Ni) and bismuth-zinc oxide (Bi-
Zn) catalysts were prepared using wet impregnation method. They were
characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis,
temperature programmed desorption of ammonia gas (TPD-NH3), fouriertransform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). The catalytic performances of the mixed oxides were evaluated in
simultaneous transesterification and esterification of free fatty acid containing
crude palm oil under effects of composition of bismuth oxide, reaction
temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst and methanol to oil molar ratio.
The optimum reaction conditions for Bi-Ni catalyst were at 200°C, 5 wt.% of
catalyst, methanol/oil molar ratio of 30:1 and 5 h of reaction time to obtain
91.77% of yield. The reusability test of Bi-Ni shows that it can be used under
the same reaction conditions for 6 times continuously before it decreased to
75.00% in the 7th run. For Bi-Zn catalyst system, 92.55% of biodiesel was
achieved under 180°C with the methanol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 when 5
wt.% catalyst was added and run for 5 hours. Bi-Zn showed a higher reusability
and stability since it only decreased to 76.21 % of yield after 7th runs
continuously. Biodiesel production was optimized using response surface
methodology (RSM). Bi-Ni achieved optimum biodiesel yield of 92.43% under
the following reaction conditions: reaction temperature: 193.26°C, reaction
time: 5.34 h, catalyst amount: 5.15 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 30.18:1.
Besides, under the reaction temperature: 186.97°C, reaction time: 5.24 h,
catalyst amount: 5.10 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 31.91:1, the optimum
biodiesel yield achieved by Bi-Zn catalyst was 95.10%. In conclusions, the high
biodiesel yield using Bi-Ni and Bi-Zn catalysts and the accuracy of the 3
dimensional (3D) models between reaction parameters in RSM shows
promising results and optimized yield achieved. The high reusability of both
catalysts shows the high stability of the catalysts. |
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