Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil

The depletion of non-renewable petroleum reserve, the consequent rising price of diesel as well as environmental concerns about air pollution caused by the combustion of conventional fuel has stimulated the interest on the development of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for pe...

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Main Author:	Yew, Sook Yan
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Bismuth compounds Bismuth trioxide
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112204/1/FS%202019%2093%20-%20IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.112204
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spelling	my-upm-ir.1122042024-09-27T02:16:05Z Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil 2019-11 Yew, Sook Yan The depletion of non-renewable petroleum reserve, the consequent rising price of diesel as well as environmental concerns about air pollution caused by the combustion of conventional fuel has stimulated the interest on the development of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for petrol-based diesel that can be used directly in transports without engine modifications and it has a nearly same engine performance as petrol-diesel. However, the cost of biodiesel production mostly contributed from the cost of feedstock applied. Thus biodiesel production from crude palm oil is very crucial to reduce the cost and its compatibility and reusability with the suitable acid catalyst. In this study, varying composition of bismuth-nickel oxide (Bi-Ni) and bismuth-zinc oxide (Bi- Zn) catalysts were prepared using wet impregnation method. They were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia gas (TPD-NH3), fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performances of the mixed oxides were evaluated in simultaneous transesterification and esterification of free fatty acid containing crude palm oil under effects of composition of bismuth oxide, reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst and methanol to oil molar ratio. The optimum reaction conditions for Bi-Ni catalyst were at 200°C, 5 wt.% of catalyst, methanol/oil molar ratio of 30:1 and 5 h of reaction time to obtain 91.77% of yield. The reusability test of Bi-Ni shows that it can be used under the same reaction conditions for 6 times continuously before it decreased to 75.00% in the 7th run. For Bi-Zn catalyst system, 92.55% of biodiesel was achieved under 180°C with the methanol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 when 5 wt.% catalyst was added and run for 5 hours. Bi-Zn showed a higher reusability and stability since it only decreased to 76.21 % of yield after 7th runs continuously. Biodiesel production was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Bi-Ni achieved optimum biodiesel yield of 92.43% under the following reaction conditions: reaction temperature: 193.26°C, reaction time: 5.34 h, catalyst amount: 5.15 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 30.18:1. Besides, under the reaction temperature: 186.97°C, reaction time: 5.24 h, catalyst amount: 5.10 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 31.91:1, the optimum biodiesel yield achieved by Bi-Zn catalyst was 95.10%. In conclusions, the high biodiesel yield using Bi-Ni and Bi-Zn catalysts and the accuracy of the 3 dimensional (3D) models between reaction parameters in RSM shows promising results and optimized yield achieved. The high reusability of both catalysts shows the high stability of the catalysts. Bismuth compounds Bismuth trioxide 2019-11 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112204/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112204/1/FS%202019%2093%20-%20IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Bismuth compounds Bismuth trioxide Tan, Yen Ping English
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English English
advisor	Tan, Yen Ping
topic	Bismuth compounds Bismuth trioxide
spellingShingle	Bismuth compounds Bismuth trioxide Yew, Sook Yan Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
description	The depletion of non-renewable petroleum reserve, the consequent rising price of diesel as well as environmental concerns about air pollution caused by the combustion of conventional fuel has stimulated the interest on the development of alternative fuel. Biodiesel is a suitable substitute for petrol-based diesel that can be used directly in transports without engine modifications and it has a nearly same engine performance as petrol-diesel. However, the cost of biodiesel production mostly contributed from the cost of feedstock applied. Thus biodiesel production from crude palm oil is very crucial to reduce the cost and its compatibility and reusability with the suitable acid catalyst. In this study, varying composition of bismuth-nickel oxide (Bi-Ni) and bismuth-zinc oxide (Bi- Zn) catalysts were prepared using wet impregnation method. They were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluoroscopy (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia gas (TPD-NH3), fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performances of the mixed oxides were evaluated in simultaneous transesterification and esterification of free fatty acid containing crude palm oil under effects of composition of bismuth oxide, reaction temperature, reaction time, amount of catalyst and methanol to oil molar ratio. The optimum reaction conditions for Bi-Ni catalyst were at 200°C, 5 wt.% of catalyst, methanol/oil molar ratio of 30:1 and 5 h of reaction time to obtain 91.77% of yield. The reusability test of Bi-Ni shows that it can be used under the same reaction conditions for 6 times continuously before it decreased to 75.00% in the 7th run. For Bi-Zn catalyst system, 92.55% of biodiesel was achieved under 180°C with the methanol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 when 5 wt.% catalyst was added and run for 5 hours. Bi-Zn showed a higher reusability and stability since it only decreased to 76.21 % of yield after 7th runs continuously. Biodiesel production was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Bi-Ni achieved optimum biodiesel yield of 92.43% under the following reaction conditions: reaction temperature: 193.26°C, reaction time: 5.34 h, catalyst amount: 5.15 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 30.18:1. Besides, under the reaction temperature: 186.97°C, reaction time: 5.24 h, catalyst amount: 5.10 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio: 31.91:1, the optimum biodiesel yield achieved by Bi-Zn catalyst was 95.10%. In conclusions, the high biodiesel yield using Bi-Ni and Bi-Zn catalysts and the accuracy of the 3 dimensional (3D) models between reaction parameters in RSM shows promising results and optimized yield achieved. The high reusability of both catalysts shows the high stability of the catalysts.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Yew, Sook Yan
author_facet	Yew, Sook Yan
author_sort	Yew, Sook Yan
title	Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
title_short	Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
title_full	Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
title_fullStr	Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
title_full_unstemmed	Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
title_sort	development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2019
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/112204/1/FS%202019%2093%20-%20IR.pdf
_version_	1811767785428090880

Development of bismuth-nickel oxide and bismuth-zinc oxide catalsyts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil

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