Seroprevalence and identification of pathogenic Leptospira in rodents from Kuala Lumpur wet markets, Malaysia
Pathogenic Leptospira are spiral-shaped bacteria that causes leptospirosis in infected victim. It was reported to be isolated from many mammal species all over the world, including human, establishing leptospirosis as the most widespread zoonosis disease. This bacterium species is widely known fo...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113800/1/113800.pdf |
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| Summary: | Pathogenic Leptospira are spiral-shaped bacteria that causes leptospirosis in
infected victim. It was reported to be isolated from many mammal species all
over the world, including human, establishing leptospirosis as the most
widespread zoonosis disease. This bacterium species is widely known for having
rodents as their main reservoir host, residing in the host’s renal tubule and
spread to the environment through their host’s urine. Malaysia has declared
leptospirosis as notifiable disease in 2010 and there has been increasing
reported cases annually since then. Due to this, there is a need for a complete
list or database of pathogenic Leptospira that circulate in Malaysia. Therefore,
this study is performed in hope to contribute and provide information towards
that goal. The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence and
species distribution of pathogenic Leptospira in rodents captured from Kuala
Lumpur wet markets. Four wet markets in Kuala Lumpur were chosen as the
sampling sites of this study, namely Pasar Pudu, Pasar Chow Kit, Pasar Datuk
Keramat and Pasar Petaling Street, as per recommendation by Kuala Lumpur
City Hall (Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, DBKL). Sampling was performed by
live trapping for the duration of 12 months in 2017. Each rodent caught was
euthanised, morphologically identified and processed for the extraction of blood
serum and kidney samples. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) were
performed on serum samples (against a panel of 24 live Leptospira serovar
culture) for serology test, while kidney samples were processed and subjected
to molecular screening test for pathogenic Leptospira detection and cultured in
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium for Leptospira
isolation. For each culture medium that succeeded in growing Leptospira, they
were morphologically confirmed as Leptospira cultures under dark field
microscope and underwent molecular characterisation using six loci Multilocus
Sequence Typing (MLST) test for Leptospira species identification. Sampling
yields 144 live captured rodents, all identified as house rat or Rattus rattus. MAT
gave 50/144 (34.72%) positive samples for leptospiral antibody in rodents, with
the most prominent serovar detected being serovar Malaya, followed by IMR
LEP 175. A total of 50/144 (34.7%) samples were detected as pathogenic
Leptospira from molecular screening test. As for bacteria isolation, 23 out of 144
culture samples (15.97%) were successfully isolated, and from this, MLST
analysis identified two Leptospira species, with 20/23 (87%) samples identified
as Leptospira borpetersenii and the other remaining three (13%) samples were
identified as ST149 Leptospira interrogans serogroup Bataviae serovar Bataviae
strain Swart. The findings in this study present the evidence of pathogenic
Leptospira presence which strive and actively circulating in the rodent population
of Kuala Lumpur wet markets. Rodents are indeed the reservoir or maintenance
host of pathogenic Leptospira in the urban, highly populated setting of Kuala
Lumpur. Both serology and molecular screening test results indicate a high
endemicity for leptospirosis if the rodent population is left unchecked, as control
of Leptospira reservoir host is important for preventing future leptospirosis
outbreaks in Kuala Lumpur. |
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