Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysia is located in the west of the South China Sea and is divided into two major land masses, i.e., Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on the Island of Borneo, with a total coast line of 4675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2068 km; East Malaysia 2607 km). As most seas, the majority of pollution o...
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Marine sediments - South China Sea Coastal surveillance - Peninsular Malaysia Marine pollution Peninsular Malaysia |
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Marine sediments - South China Sea Coastal surveillance - Peninsular Malaysia Marine pollution Peninsular Malaysia Ebrahim Saraee, Khadijeh Rezaee Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular Malaysia |
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Malaysia is located in the west of the South China Sea and is divided into two major
land masses, i.e., Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on the Island of Borneo,
with a total coast line of 4675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2068 km; East Malaysia
2607 km). As most seas, the majority of pollution occurs in the South China Sea
arise from the land namely waste that comes from large cities (sewage, industrial
waste and hydrocarbons) and agricultural runoff (nutrients, pesticides and fertilizers).
The aim of this research is to access information on horizontal elemental distribution
of coastal surface sediments and on vertical elemental distribution of offshore core
sediments and to determine the status of pollution in the surface and core marine
sediments. The results of this research together with experimental data from other researches on marine sediments on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia may be used
to establish a baseline data for this region.
All together 43 elements were identified and then classified according to heavy
metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn), trace elements (B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br Co, Cs, Ga,
Ge, Hf, Li, Mo, Nb, Sc, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ta, V, W, Y and Zr), rear earth elements
(Ce, Dy, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sb, Sm and Yb), major elements (Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn
Na, P, S and Ti), and actinides elements (Th and U) depending on their physical and
chemical characteristics. The elemental concentrations of the surface sediments from
10 stations and the core sediments from 5 stations have been determined using the
Instrumental Nuetron Activation Analysis (INAA) at Nuclear Agency Malaysia and
the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) at
Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) laboratories. To know the status of contamination in
heavy metals and trace elements, the enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index (Igeo)
and modified degree of contamination (mCd) methods were used to interpret the
results. Where appropriate the linear regression analysis, pearson‘s correlation
factors, first and second of the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis
were performed to determine the relationships between obtained results.
For the surface elemental distributions, heavy metal Pb was found to be originated
from anthropogenic sources at the stations at the larger river mouths of Kelantan,
Pahang and Rompin rivers, possibly due to land-based anthropogenic activities,
automotive emission and gas industries. However, the average Igeo and mCd values
indicate that the heavy metals of the surface sediments are uncontaminated in all
sampling stations. The same situation was true for trace elements, except for Hf which has the enrichment factor greater than 2 in EC8 station. The high
concentration of Hf at this station was a natural occurring because of it has negative
correlation with Zn in this station similarity with those in nature. Shale averages and
chondorite normalized were used to normalize rare earth elements (REEs). Ce was
found anthropogenic element, possibly due to occurrence of +4 oxidation states,
while other REEs are of non-anthropogenic sources. Most REEs have lower
concentrations at the larger river systems and Ce and Eu anomalies occurred in
samples taken from the mouths of Kelantan and Pahang rivers. For major elements,
Al, Ca, Mg, Na, and Ti were of anthropogenic sources, possibility due to tropical
weathering. Both actinides Th and U were non-anthropogenic for all sampling
stations except for Kuala Dungun possibility due to a radioactive related factory like
among in that area.
For the vertical element distribution, heavy metals As, Cd and Pb; trace elements Br,
Hf, Sr and Zr; major elements Ca and Na and actinide element Th were of
anthropogenic sources. However, by considering the average Igeo and mCd values,
most of the layers in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia were uncontaminated.
Only Hf was the most polluted in affected stations and were classified as moderately
to stronger contamination. The chondrite-normalized ratios of REEs showed LREEs
enrichment and flat HREE depletion. No Ce anomaly was observed in sediments of
all layers in all the stations. Overall, the results showed that the normalized patterns
of REEs of the core sediments followed a general pattern of REEs of the world. |
| format |
Thesis |
| qualification_name |
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.) |
| qualification_level |
Doctorate |
| author |
Ebrahim Saraee, Khadijeh Rezaee |
| author_facet |
Ebrahim Saraee, Khadijeh Rezaee |
| author_sort |
Ebrahim Saraee, Khadijeh Rezaee |
| title |
Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine
Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia
|
| title_short |
Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine
Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia
|
| title_full |
Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine
Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia
|
| title_fullStr |
Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine
Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia
|
| title_full_unstemmed |
Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine
Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular
Malaysia
|
| title_sort |
elemental assessments of south china sea marine
sediments along the east coast of peninsular
malaysia |
| granting_institution |
Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| granting_department |
Faculty Of Science |
| publishDate |
2010 |
| url |
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/12440/1/FS_2010_25A.pdf |
| _version_ |
1747811366950928384 |
| spelling |
my-upm-ir.124402013-05-27T07:52:15Z Elemental Assessments Of South China Sea Marine Sediments Along The East Coast Of Peninsular Malaysia 2010-11 Ebrahim Saraee, Khadijeh Rezaee Malaysia is located in the west of the South China Sea and is divided into two major land masses, i.e., Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia on the Island of Borneo, with a total coast line of 4675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2068 km; East Malaysia 2607 km). As most seas, the majority of pollution occurs in the South China Sea arise from the land namely waste that comes from large cities (sewage, industrial waste and hydrocarbons) and agricultural runoff (nutrients, pesticides and fertilizers). The aim of this research is to access information on horizontal elemental distribution of coastal surface sediments and on vertical elemental distribution of offshore core sediments and to determine the status of pollution in the surface and core marine sediments. The results of this research together with experimental data from other researches on marine sediments on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia may be used to establish a baseline data for this region. All together 43 elements were identified and then classified according to heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn), trace elements (B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br Co, Cs, Ga, Ge, Hf, Li, Mo, Nb, Sc, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ta, V, W, Y and Zr), rear earth elements (Ce, Dy, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sb, Sm and Yb), major elements (Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Mn Na, P, S and Ti), and actinides elements (Th and U) depending on their physical and chemical characteristics. The elemental concentrations of the surface sediments from 10 stations and the core sediments from 5 stations have been determined using the Instrumental Nuetron Activation Analysis (INAA) at Nuclear Agency Malaysia and the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) at Geological Survey of Iran (GSI) laboratories. To know the status of contamination in heavy metals and trace elements, the enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and modified degree of contamination (mCd) methods were used to interpret the results. Where appropriate the linear regression analysis, pearson‘s correlation factors, first and second of the principal component analysis and the cluster analysis were performed to determine the relationships between obtained results. For the surface elemental distributions, heavy metal Pb was found to be originated from anthropogenic sources at the stations at the larger river mouths of Kelantan, Pahang and Rompin rivers, possibly due to land-based anthropogenic activities, automotive emission and gas industries. However, the average Igeo and mCd values indicate that the heavy metals of the surface sediments are uncontaminated in all sampling stations. The same situation was true for trace elements, except for Hf which has the enrichment factor greater than 2 in EC8 station. The high concentration of Hf at this station was a natural occurring because of it has negative correlation with Zn in this station similarity with those in nature. Shale averages and chondorite normalized were used to normalize rare earth elements (REEs). Ce was found anthropogenic element, possibly due to occurrence of +4 oxidation states, while other REEs are of non-anthropogenic sources. Most REEs have lower concentrations at the larger river systems and Ce and Eu anomalies occurred in samples taken from the mouths of Kelantan and Pahang rivers. For major elements, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, and Ti were of anthropogenic sources, possibility due to tropical weathering. Both actinides Th and U were non-anthropogenic for all sampling stations except for Kuala Dungun possibility due to a radioactive related factory like among in that area. For the vertical element distribution, heavy metals As, Cd and Pb; trace elements Br, Hf, Sr and Zr; major elements Ca and Na and actinide element Th were of anthropogenic sources. However, by considering the average Igeo and mCd values, most of the layers in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia were uncontaminated. Only Hf was the most polluted in affected stations and were classified as moderately to stronger contamination. The chondrite-normalized ratios of REEs showed LREEs enrichment and flat HREE depletion. No Ce anomaly was observed in sediments of all layers in all the stations. Overall, the results showed that the normalized patterns of REEs of the core sediments followed a general pattern of REEs of the world. Marine sediments - South China Sea Coastal surveillance - Peninsular Malaysia Marine pollution Peninsular Malaysia 2010-11 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/12440/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/12440/1/FS_2010_25A.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Marine sediments - South China Sea Coastal surveillance - Peninsular Malaysia Marine pollution Peninsular Malaysia Faculty Of Science English |