Mariculture Pond Ecology with Emphasis On Environmental Quality and Production of Penaeus Monodon (Fabricius)
In the present study, mariculture pond ecology with special reference to environmental quality and tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon production in old culture ponds (>3 years) and new culture ponds (4 year) were investigated throughout the culture period in Malacca, Malaysia. The study showed that...
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| 格式: | Thesis |
| 语言: | English English |
| 出版: |
2005
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| 主题: | |
| 在线阅读: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6256/1/FS_2005_32.pdf |
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| 总结: | In the present study, mariculture pond ecology with special reference to environmental
quality and tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon production in old culture ponds (>3 years)
and new culture ponds (4 year) were investigated throughout the culture period in
Malacca, Malaysia. The study showed that the cation exchange capacity (CEC) varies
with soil texture while soil organic matter varied with the culture pond age. The
concentrations of major cations depends on cation exchange capacity of soils attributed
partly to chemical bonding or adsorption of colloids. Deposition of nutrient loaded
suspended solids through uneaten feeds and other culture activities led to increase in
the concentrations of macro and microelements onto the pond bottom at the end of the
culture period. The dynamics of macro and microelements in pond and sediment waters
were not distinct in old and new culture ponds throughout the culture period, but were
influenced by accumulation process of living organisms, water exchange and
precipitation of major cation as organic and inorganic particles.
Major groups of the macro and meiobenthos comprised of gastropods, polychaetes,
bivalves, crustaceans, ostracods, nematodes, insects and crab larvae. Gastropods were
the dominant group of macrobenthos followed by harpacticoid copepod as meiobenthos throughout the culture period. The growth of shrimp was related with the macrobenthos
(r=0.62, p<0.05) and meiobenthos abundance (r=0.67, p<0.05) in the culture ponds.
The major groups of zooplankton in the ponds were copepods, rotifers, sergestidae,
luciferans, gastropod larvae, bivalve larvae, pelagic polychaetes, nematodes, crustacean
nauplii, insects and mysids. About 18-30% of the total zooplankton population
decreased within one month after the release of post larvae into the ponds which
revealed the significance of natural foods in culture ponds in reducing the production
cost and increasing pond yield. Stomach content analysis showed that the stomach of
shrimps contained a wide variety of items depending on the availability of benthic and
pelagic organisms in the ponds. Higher content of natural food items were found in the
stomach of shrimps collected from the old culture ponds than the new culture ponds.
Although a commercial feed was provided, the juvenile, sub adult and adult P.
monodon were found to be opportunistic omnivorous scavengers feeding on variety of
benthic materials and organisms such as detritus, crustacean, molluscs, polychaetes,
rotifers and phytoplankton. In the group of Crustacea, copepods were the major food
item preyed by all stages of the shrimps throughout the culture period in the ponds.
The diversity of fungi increased at the end of culture period in both old and new culture
ponds. The proliferation of fungi in general could be due to shrimp faeces and high
carbon source from uneaten feeds as the culture progressed. The present study revealed
that population of fungi in shrimp pond sediments were mostly of the genera of
Aspergillus and Penicillium which were similar to the terrestrial soil fungi. The results
showed that many activities such as feeding, nutrient status, stocking density, weather
conditions, accumulation of organic matters, biological factors and pond age governed
the quality of pond water, shrimp growth, production and pond ecosystem during the
culture period. |
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