Hopanes and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from 21 2t Oil as Molecular Markers for Detecting the Sources of Hydrocarbon Pollution
Rapid growth of population, urbanization and industrialization in Malaysia led to sharp increase in numbers of motor vehicles. Therefore motor oils are potential landbased sources that contributed to hydrocarbon pollution in Malaysia. Two-cycle lubricating oil (2T oil) is a lubricating base oil s...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
2005
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/6259/1/FPAS_2005_5.pdf |
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| Summary: | Rapid growth of population, urbanization and industrialization in Malaysia led to
sharp increase in numbers of motor vehicles. Therefore motor oils are potential landbased
sources that contributed to hydrocarbon pollution in Malaysia. Two-cycle
lubricating oil (2T oil) is a lubricating base oil specially used in two-stroke
motorcycle engines. Lubricating base oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons.
This study focused on alkanes, hopanes and PAHs in 2T oil due to their importance
as molecular markers and their combination would be a powerful tool to distinguish
input, sources and transport pathway of hydrocarbon pollution. The objective of this
study is to analyze alkanes, hopanes and PAHs from 2T oil. Alkanes, hopanes and
PAHs fiom 2T oil were used as molecular markers and were applied for detectmg
the sources of hydrocarbon pollution and the transport pathway of the 2T oil.
Three kinds of commonly use fresh 2T oil samples were purchased fiom local
market. Used 2T oil sample was collected with pre-cleaned cotton buds from twostroke
motorcycles tail pipes at Central Parlung of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The
cotton buds were rinsed with 3:l HexfDCM. The extract was fractionated and
analyzed for PAHs, Hopanes and alkanes by gas chromatography mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). The result indicates that used 2T oil contained much higher concentration
of PAHs than fiesh 2T oil due to formation of PAHs in concentration during hlgh
temperature combustion in the engine (Rafael, 1989). Application of the source
identifiers, UCM, PrPh, CPI, C29/C30E, C3*< 35/C30, MPIP and WL-PAH suggested
that hydrocarbon from fresh and used 2T oil both were contributing to the street dust
and air particulate in some level of contamination through the exhaust of two-stroke
motorcycles. Combination of the alkanes, hopanes and PAHs fingerprints
comparison among fresh and used 2T oil, river, inshore, offshore, street dust and air
particulate showed that both hydrocarbons fiom fresh and used 2T oil were
sipficant in coastal environment of Malaysia and they had been potentially
transported via street dust and air particulate. PAHs fiom 2T oil might be discharged
to river and inshore coastal zone of Malaysia through street dust and air particulate
via lateral and vertical transportation. |
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