Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is a medicinal plant found in Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Little studies have been done to identify compound that contributes to medicinal effect. Moreover, there is lack of studies in the method...

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Main Author:	Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2014
Subjects:	Thermoplastic composites Automobiles - Brakes Glass fibers
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/64858/1/FK%202014%20169IR.pdf
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spelling	my-upm-ir.648582018-07-31T06:20:13Z Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever 2014-11 Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is a medicinal plant found in Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Little studies have been done to identify compound that contributes to medicinal effect. Moreover, there is lack of studies in the method to extract those valuable components from this plant. This research focuses on the leaves part of the plant. A single compound known as phalerin is targeted and extracted from the leaves. The compound is purified and identified through chemical analysis such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Liquid Chromatogram Mass Spectroscopy. Phalerin was tested for the bioactivity study including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Then the extraction process using solid-liquid extraction method was investigated on the optimum parameters; solvent, extraction temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio and particle size. Phalerin was proven having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Water was the most suitable solvent for extraction of phalerin from the leaves compared to methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Water was not only safe but also extracted most of polar compounds. The optimum temperature was at 70°C as to avoid degradation of compound. The optimum solid to solvent ratio was 1:20 (g/ml) as too much solvent leads to waste of solvent and extra energy to remove excess liquid. The smallest particle size (<250 μm) was the optimum size as smaller particle provide larger surface area for mass transfer. Extraction kinetics on extraction of phalerin found that the process reach equilibrium at 120 min of extraction duration. The first order kinetics model was applied and successfully described the extraction process. From thermodynamic study, the enthalpy change (ΔH) was found to be positive (72.51 kJ/mol), indicating the extraction process of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves is endothermic. The Gibb’s free energy was found to be negative with values range from -2.75 to -9.95 kJ/mol, indicated the extraction was spontaneous at the operating temperature. This spontaneity was favored with increasing extraction temperature. Phalerin is a bioactive compound extracted from Phaleria macrocarpa leaves and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Standardization of extract and improvement on the extraction process along with clinical study of phalerin may added new information to this study. Thermoplastic composites Automobiles - Brakes Glass fibers 2014-11 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/64858/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/64858/1/FK%202014%20169IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Thermoplastic composites Automobiles - Brakes Glass fibers
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Thermoplastic composites Automobiles - Brakes Glass fibers
spellingShingle	Thermoplastic composites Automobiles - Brakes Glass fibers Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
description	Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is a medicinal plant found in Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Little studies have been done to identify compound that contributes to medicinal effect. Moreover, there is lack of studies in the method to extract those valuable components from this plant. This research focuses on the leaves part of the plant. A single compound known as phalerin is targeted and extracted from the leaves. The compound is purified and identified through chemical analysis such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Liquid Chromatogram Mass Spectroscopy. Phalerin was tested for the bioactivity study including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Then the extraction process using solid-liquid extraction method was investigated on the optimum parameters; solvent, extraction temperature, solid-to-solvent ratio and particle size. Phalerin was proven having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Water was the most suitable solvent for extraction of phalerin from the leaves compared to methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Water was not only safe but also extracted most of polar compounds. The optimum temperature was at 70°C as to avoid degradation of compound. The optimum solid to solvent ratio was 1:20 (g/ml) as too much solvent leads to waste of solvent and extra energy to remove excess liquid. The smallest particle size (<250 μm) was the optimum size as smaller particle provide larger surface area for mass transfer. Extraction kinetics on extraction of phalerin found that the process reach equilibrium at 120 min of extraction duration. The first order kinetics model was applied and successfully described the extraction process. From thermodynamic study, the enthalpy change (ΔH) was found to be positive (72.51 kJ/mol), indicating the extraction process of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves is endothermic. The Gibb’s free energy was found to be negative with values range from -2.75 to -9.95 kJ/mol, indicated the extraction was spontaneous at the operating temperature. This spontaneity was favored with increasing extraction temperature. Phalerin is a bioactive compound extracted from Phaleria macrocarpa leaves and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Standardization of extract and improvement on the extraction process along with clinical study of phalerin may added new information to this study.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan
author_facet	Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan
author_sort	Mansor, Muhd Ridzuan
title	Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
title_short	Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
title_full	Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
title_fullStr	Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
title_full_unstemmed	Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
title_sort	concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2014
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/64858/1/FK%202014%20169IR.pdf
_version_	1747812322773041152

Concurrent conceptual design of hybrid natural/glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for automotive parking brake lever

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