New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag

New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag

This study investigated a new geopolymerization process for the production of high strength alkali activated binder, using high volume palm oil fuel ash (POFA) mixed with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The experimental work was designed for the geopolymer paste and mortar. In the paste...

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Main Author: Salih, Moslih Amer
Format: Thesis
Language:English
Published: 2015
Subjects:
Building materials
Palm oil industry - Waste disposal
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65619/1/FK%202015%20164IR.pdf
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id my-upm-ir.65619
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institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection PSAS Institutional Repository
language English
topic Building materials
Palm oil industry - Waste disposal
spellingShingle Building materials
Palm oil industry - Waste disposal

Salih, Moslih Amer
New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
description This study investigated a new geopolymerization process for the production of high strength alkali activated binder, using high volume palm oil fuel ash (POFA) mixed with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The experimental work was designed for the geopolymer paste and mortar. In the paste, the optimum alkali activation parameters of POFA were identified. These parameters included Sodium Hydroxide concentration, Solid/Liquid ratio (S/L), and Sodium Silicate to Sodium Hydroxide ratio (SS/SH). The role of curing regime and its effect on the alkali activation of POFA was investigated at ambient and different temperatures. GGBS was introduced as a partial replacement of POFA in five percentages (10-50%) to study the role of Calcium ions and mechanisms to improve the load bearing capacity of the resulting gel to a high strength geopolymer binder. The production of high strength geopolymerized mortar cured at ambient temperature was initially targeted by applying the activation parameters with the same replacement levels of GGBS as in the paste. The durability of the proposed alkali activated binder was investigated by exposing the mortar to extreme environments, namely elevated temperatures and sulfate attack. The compressive strength test, microstructural and chemical tests such as Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis/Derivative Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), were conducted to study the underlying mechanisms of strength development. The results showed that liquid Sodium Hydroxide at 12 Molarity, S/L ratio at 1.32, and SS/SH ratio at 2.5 were applicable to alkali activate 100% POFA and produce geopolymer paste with 32.84 MPa at the age of 28 days. One major finding was identifying the Calcium Silicate Hydrate gel (C-S-H) as the main binding phase; with no Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 detected in the system. The test results showed that 100% POFA geopolymer paste can set and harden at ambient temperature with a comparable compressive strength to samples cured in the oven. Calcium ions dissolved from GGBS participated in increasing the binder strength by the formation of more C- S-H gel. Aluminum ions provided by GGBS led to a higher degree of polymerization and significant degree of crosslinking between C-S-H chains and shifting it to C-(A)-S-H gel. The compressive strength for binary geopolymer paste was 78.12 MPa at the age of 28 days. The alkali activated binder from the alkali activation of POFA as the only aluminosilicate material was able to produce geopolymer mortar with normal strength of 33.91 MPa at the age of 28 days. Inclusion of GGBS with POFA was effective to produce high strength geopolymer mortar with compressive strength of 70.25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Results from residual compressive test at elevated temperatures showed that samples maintained their dimensional stability at elevated temperatures due to the presence of evacuation routes (pore system) in the mortar which allowed water to be evaporated. Moreover, glass transition was detected between 600 ºC and 800 ºC which provided a relative increase in the strength of the geopolymer mortar. Test results showed that the proposed geopolymer mortar performed better than Portland cement mortar when exposed to sulfate attack. The results indicated that although Sodium sulfate and Magnesium sulfate had deterioration effect due to decomposing of Si and Ca ions from both C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels, the proposed geopolymer mortar experienced less strength depletion which can be related to the absence of calcium hydroxide in the matrix.
format Thesis
qualification_level Doctorate
author Salih, Moslih Amer
author_facet Salih, Moslih Amer
author_sort Salih, Moslih Amer
title New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
title_short New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
title_full New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
title_fullStr New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
title_full_unstemmed New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
title_sort new geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag
granting_institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate 2015
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65619/1/FK%202015%20164IR.pdf
_version_ 1747812351371902976
spelling my-upm-ir.656192018-10-04T02:35:01Z New geo-polymerization process for high strength alkali-activated binder with palm oil fuel ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag 2015-03 Salih, Moslih Amer This study investigated a new geopolymerization process for the production of high strength alkali activated binder, using high volume palm oil fuel ash (POFA) mixed with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The experimental work was designed for the geopolymer paste and mortar. In the paste, the optimum alkali activation parameters of POFA were identified. These parameters included Sodium Hydroxide concentration, Solid/Liquid ratio (S/L), and Sodium Silicate to Sodium Hydroxide ratio (SS/SH). The role of curing regime and its effect on the alkali activation of POFA was investigated at ambient and different temperatures. GGBS was introduced as a partial replacement of POFA in five percentages (10-50%) to study the role of Calcium ions and mechanisms to improve the load bearing capacity of the resulting gel to a high strength geopolymer binder. The production of high strength geopolymerized mortar cured at ambient temperature was initially targeted by applying the activation parameters with the same replacement levels of GGBS as in the paste. The durability of the proposed alkali activated binder was investigated by exposing the mortar to extreme environments, namely elevated temperatures and sulfate attack. The compressive strength test, microstructural and chemical tests such as Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis/Derivative Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), were conducted to study the underlying mechanisms of strength development. The results showed that liquid Sodium Hydroxide at 12 Molarity, S/L ratio at 1.32, and SS/SH ratio at 2.5 were applicable to alkali activate 100% POFA and produce geopolymer paste with 32.84 MPa at the age of 28 days. One major finding was identifying the Calcium Silicate Hydrate gel (C-S-H) as the main binding phase; with no Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 detected in the system. The test results showed that 100% POFA geopolymer paste can set and harden at ambient temperature with a comparable compressive strength to samples cured in the oven. Calcium ions dissolved from GGBS participated in increasing the binder strength by the formation of more C- S-H gel. Aluminum ions provided by GGBS led to a higher degree of polymerization and significant degree of crosslinking between C-S-H chains and shifting it to C-(A)-S-H gel. The compressive strength for binary geopolymer paste was 78.12 MPa at the age of 28 days. The alkali activated binder from the alkali activation of POFA as the only aluminosilicate material was able to produce geopolymer mortar with normal strength of 33.91 MPa at the age of 28 days. Inclusion of GGBS with POFA was effective to produce high strength geopolymer mortar with compressive strength of 70.25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Results from residual compressive test at elevated temperatures showed that samples maintained their dimensional stability at elevated temperatures due to the presence of evacuation routes (pore system) in the mortar which allowed water to be evaporated. Moreover, glass transition was detected between 600 ºC and 800 ºC which provided a relative increase in the strength of the geopolymer mortar. Test results showed that the proposed geopolymer mortar performed better than Portland cement mortar when exposed to sulfate attack. The results indicated that although Sodium sulfate and Magnesium sulfate had deterioration effect due to decomposing of Si and Ca ions from both C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels, the proposed geopolymer mortar experienced less strength depletion which can be related to the absence of calcium hydroxide in the matrix. Building materials Palm oil industry - Waste disposal 2015-03 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65619/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65619/1/FK%202015%20164IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Building materials Palm oil industry - Waste disposal

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