Chemical profile and anti-diabetic activity of Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. extract elucidated by NMR-based metabolomics
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of non-communicable disease (NCDs) that is characterized by high glucose content in blood or hyperglycemia, which can lead to long term complications and even death in the case of no proper treatment performed. Therefore, effective control of blood sugar has been...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/67858/1/IB%202016%2015%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of non-communicable disease (NCDs) that is
characterized by high glucose content in blood or hyperglycemia, which can lead to
long term complications and even death in the case of no proper treatment performed.
Therefore, effective control of blood sugar has been known to be one the main issue in
dealing with DM and its associated complications. In this study, the influence of
various ethanol ratios (0, 20, 50, 80, and 100%) as an extraction solvent and different
drying methods including air drying (AD), sun drying (SD) and oven drying (OD) on
phytochemical constituents of I. aquatica were investigated using a proton nuclear
magnetic resonance (1H NMR) based metabolomics approach. The highest α-
glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed for absolute ethanol extract from the OD
method with an IC50 value of 204.0 ± 59.0 μg/mL and TPC value of 22.0 ± 0.7 μg
GAE/mg extract. Correlation between the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the
metabolite were analyzed using a partial least square (PLS) analysis. The metabolites
that might be responsible for the activity were quercetin derivatives, chlorogenic acid
derivatives, sucrose and fructose.
Along with our in vitro study, the 1H NMR based metabolomics also been applied to
the in vivo model (Sprague-Dawley rats). The in vivo model was first evaluated for
understanding the metabolic link between the obesity (OB), lean diabetic (ND+STZ)
and obese diabetic (OB+STZ). In this model, the OB+STZ rats mimics the symptom in
the type 2 diabetes (T2DM), whereas the lean diabetic rats (ND+STZ) mimics type 1
diabetes (T1DM). The results of multivariate data analysis (MVDA) managed to
highlight several similarities and dissimilarities in metabolites level in OB, ND+STZ
and OB+STZ. This finding indicates both of the diabetic group (ND+STZ and
OB+STZ) and OB rats shared some similar features especially in metabolic traits (2-
oxoglutarate, succinate, tryptophan (TRP) and dimethylamine (DMA)), where it
manage to highlights the importance of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and tryptophan
(TRP) metabolism in diabetes progression. On the other hand, the differences between ND+STZ and OB+STZ can be seen in the synthesis of ketone bodies and branched
chain amino acid (BCAA).
Additionally, the effectiveness of the I. aquatica (IA) extracts as a hypoglycemic agent
was also tested in vivo using obese Sprague-Dawley streptozotocin (STZ) -induced rats
(OB+STZ). The rats were treated for 1 month, and the pathophysiological changes in
serum and urine of these treated rats (OB+STZ+IA) and non-treated obese-diabetic rats
(OB+STZ) were compared. The serum was assessed for biochemical parameter while
the urine was evaluated using 1H NMR. The result from serum showed there was no
significant difference (p > 0.05) between the serum glucose of OB+STZ+IA (20.32 ±
8.79 mmol/L) and OB+STZ (24.60 ± 1.67 mmol/L) due to huge variation between the
individuals. Interestingly, we found that there was clear discrimination between the
urine spectra of OB+STZ+IA and OB+STZ by using 1H-NMR metabolomic approach.
The differences between the biochemical results from serum as compared to urine are
probably due to the sensitivity of the instruments and the nature of the sample. Analysis
of altered metabolites reveals that administration of I. aquatica extracts affects TCA
cycle, creatine and creatinine metabolism, amino acids metabolism and nicotine and
nicotinamide metabolism. This study highlights the basis for future investigations of I.
aquatica as a source of food that has the potential for nutraceutical enhancement and as
an ingredient in medicinal preparation. |
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