Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel

Catalyst plays an important role in biodiesel production. The current transesterification technology using homogeneous liquid catalysts in biodiesel production process is uneconomical, largely due to liquid catalyst is corrosive, difficult to be separated and regenerated in order to reuse. Additiona...

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Main Author:	Teo, Siow Hwa
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2015
Subjects:	Catalysts Biodiesel fuels Heterogeneous catalysis
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/71196/1/FS%202015%2086%20IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.71196
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spelling	my-upm-ir.711962019-11-13T08:14:04Z Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel 2015-04 Teo, Siow Hwa Catalyst plays an important role in biodiesel production. The current transesterification technology using homogeneous liquid catalysts in biodiesel production process is uneconomical, largely due to liquid catalyst is corrosive, difficult to be separated and regenerated in order to reuse. Additional, the high price of biodiesel is largely due to feedstock prices. Therefore, biodiesel price can be reduced by utilizing non-edible oil feedstock and heterogeneous solid catalysis on transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The use of heterogeneous catalysis on the other hand, prevents the undesirable saponification, allows process simplification and offers reduction in the processing cost. In this study, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized by transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. crude oil with methanol using calcium based heterogeneous catalysts. The initial part of this project was to synthesize the catalysts and followed by characterized the prepared catalysts i.e. calcium lanthanum (CaO-La2O3), calcium cerium (CaO-CeO2), calcium nickel (CaO-NiO2), calcium neodymium (CaO-Nd2O3) and calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2). The optimization of the transesterification of J. curcas crude oil using different heterogeneous calcium based catalysts was evaluated. The relative order of effectiveness on transesterification was Ca(OCH3)2 > CaO-CeO2 > CaO-La2O3 > CaO-NiO2 > CaO-Nd2O3. The TPD results demonstrated that mixed metal oxides that prepared by co-precipitation method, showed an extremely high FAME yield (85~95%) due to the presence of stronger basic strength on the catalytic site of catalysts. Moreover, all catalysts can be regenerate and reuse. The produced FAME is met ASTM D6751 and European 14214 international biodiesel standards.In the second part of investigation, cultivation, extraction and methanolysis of crude microalga’s (Nannochoropsis oculata) oil were carried out. Catalytic screening was performed on Ca(OCH3)2 and mixed oxide catalysts, where Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst revealed to be the superior performance in fast conversion of microalgae derived crude oil to FAME using transesterification technique. Ca(OCH3)2 was prepared via hydrothermal route, resulted in a catalyst with surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of 30.5 m2 g-1, 0.21 cm3 g-1 and 31.97 nm, respectively. Photoautotrophic cultivated N. oculata, then followed by treansesterificaition of extracted crude oil with methanol in the presence of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst, gave a FAME yield of 95.78 %. It was observed that methanol volume and catalyst concentration were the important factors attributed to high yield of biodiesel from crude microalgae oil. The experiment results showed that catalytic transesterification technique has the potential to provide energy-efficient routes for biodiesel production form algae biomass. Catalysts Biodiesel fuels Heterogeneous catalysis 2015-04 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/71196/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/71196/1/FS%202015%2086%20IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Catalysts Biodiesel fuels Heterogeneous catalysis
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Catalysts Biodiesel fuels Heterogeneous catalysis
spellingShingle	Catalysts Biodiesel fuels Heterogeneous catalysis Teo, Siow Hwa Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
description	Catalyst plays an important role in biodiesel production. The current transesterification technology using homogeneous liquid catalysts in biodiesel production process is uneconomical, largely due to liquid catalyst is corrosive, difficult to be separated and regenerated in order to reuse. Additional, the high price of biodiesel is largely due to feedstock prices. Therefore, biodiesel price can be reduced by utilizing non-edible oil feedstock and heterogeneous solid catalysis on transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The use of heterogeneous catalysis on the other hand, prevents the undesirable saponification, allows process simplification and offers reduction in the processing cost. In this study, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized by transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. crude oil with methanol using calcium based heterogeneous catalysts. The initial part of this project was to synthesize the catalysts and followed by characterized the prepared catalysts i.e. calcium lanthanum (CaO-La2O3), calcium cerium (CaO-CeO2), calcium nickel (CaO-NiO2), calcium neodymium (CaO-Nd2O3) and calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2). The optimization of the transesterification of J. curcas crude oil using different heterogeneous calcium based catalysts was evaluated. The relative order of effectiveness on transesterification was Ca(OCH3)2 > CaO-CeO2 > CaO-La2O3 > CaO-NiO2 > CaO-Nd2O3. The TPD results demonstrated that mixed metal oxides that prepared by co-precipitation method, showed an extremely high FAME yield (85~95%) due to the presence of stronger basic strength on the catalytic site of catalysts. Moreover, all catalysts can be regenerate and reuse. The produced FAME is met ASTM D6751 and European 14214 international biodiesel standards.In the second part of investigation, cultivation, extraction and methanolysis of crude microalga’s (Nannochoropsis oculata) oil were carried out. Catalytic screening was performed on Ca(OCH3)2 and mixed oxide catalysts, where Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst revealed to be the superior performance in fast conversion of microalgae derived crude oil to FAME using transesterification technique. Ca(OCH3)2 was prepared via hydrothermal route, resulted in a catalyst with surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter of 30.5 m2 g-1, 0.21 cm3 g-1 and 31.97 nm, respectively. Photoautotrophic cultivated N. oculata, then followed by treansesterificaition of extracted crude oil with methanol in the presence of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst, gave a FAME yield of 95.78 %. It was observed that methanol volume and catalyst concentration were the important factors attributed to high yield of biodiesel from crude microalgae oil. The experiment results showed that catalytic transesterification technique has the potential to provide energy-efficient routes for biodiesel production form algae biomass.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Teo, Siow Hwa
author_facet	Teo, Siow Hwa
author_sort	Teo, Siow Hwa
title	Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
title_short	Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
title_full	Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
title_fullStr	Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
title_full_unstemmed	Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
title_sort	synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of jatropha curcus l. and nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2015
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/71196/1/FS%202015%2086%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747812988823273472

Synthesis and characterization of calcium-based catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus L. and Nannochloropsis oculata oils to biodiesel

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