Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus

Mortality rate caused by bacteria infections is increasing to nearly 20 million deaths each year, world wide. One of the common causes contributing to the death is the increasing number of antibiotic resistance pathogens including Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spect...

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Main Author:	Mashan, Nurmas Idayu
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2007
Subjects:	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7136/1/FPSK%28M%29_2008_3a.pdf
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spelling	my-upm-ir.71362013-05-27T07:33:37Z Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus 2007 Mashan, Nurmas Idayu Mortality rate caused by bacteria infections is increasing to nearly 20 million deaths each year, world wide. One of the common causes contributing to the death is the increasing number of antibiotic resistance pathogens including Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) organisms, and Multiple Drug Resistant Organism (MDRO). Therefore, this study was designed to explore an alternative antibacterial product derived from seaweed extracts, Gracilaria changii and Euchema denticulatum, through several approaches including bioassays and molecular biology tools especially the study of DNA and RNA encoding genes of interest in MRSA and non-MRSA. Bioassay studies revealed that G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed inhibitory activity only on gram positive organisms tested including S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes which were expressed in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Thus,gram negative pathogens tested including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistant phenotypic pattern to both extracts. Since G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus, five genes in this pathogen were chosen to study the effect of both seaweed extracts on the genes through PCR and RT-PCR analysis. The results indicated genes for DNA repair, adaB; cell wall biogenesis gene, sav1017; and mecA gene yielding substantial effect by showing changes in the sequence of the genes. Based on the changes in the selected gene sequences of treated S. aureus isolates, the inhibitory activity for both seaweeds extracts on the respective genes is predicted according to the function of each gene. G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts were predicted to interfere with the function of adaB gene in producing the methyltransferase enzyme which was involved in the DNA repair in S. aureus. Both extracts were also predicted to interfere with the activity of sav1017 gene in producing UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine transferase enzyme which is involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis in S. aureus since peptidoglycan is the major component in the cell wall of bacteria. However, the predicted inhibitory mechanism of both seaweeds extracts on mecA gene cannot be speculated based on the present research approach. As a conclusion, G. changii and E. denticulatum extract can be categorized as a narrow spectrum antibacterial agent against S. aureus and S. pyogenes in vitro. The effectiveness of both seaweed extracts in affecting cell wall synthesis and DNA repair gene in S. aureus has significant conotation. The finding of antibacterial activity by both extracts against MRSA and non-MRSA strains is hoped to have potential in producing alternative antibacterial agents from natural resources, against resistant S. aureus to reduce the infections and fatality. Anti-Bacterial Agents 2007 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7136/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7136/1/FPSK%28M%29_2008_3a.pdf application/pdf en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Anti-Bacterial Agents Medicine and Health Sciences English
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English English
topic	Anti-Bacterial Agents
spellingShingle	Anti-Bacterial Agents Mashan, Nurmas Idayu Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
description	Mortality rate caused by bacteria infections is increasing to nearly 20 million deaths each year, world wide. One of the common causes contributing to the death is the increasing number of antibiotic resistance pathogens including Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) organisms, and Multiple Drug Resistant Organism (MDRO). Therefore, this study was designed to explore an alternative antibacterial product derived from seaweed extracts, Gracilaria changii and Euchema denticulatum, through several approaches including bioassays and molecular biology tools especially the study of DNA and RNA encoding genes of interest in MRSA and non-MRSA. Bioassay studies revealed that G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed inhibitory activity only on gram positive organisms tested including S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes which were expressed in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. Thus,gram negative pathogens tested including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistant phenotypic pattern to both extracts. Since G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus, five genes in this pathogen were chosen to study the effect of both seaweed extracts on the genes through PCR and RT-PCR analysis. The results indicated genes for DNA repair, adaB; cell wall biogenesis gene, sav1017; and mecA gene yielding substantial effect by showing changes in the sequence of the genes. Based on the changes in the selected gene sequences of treated S. aureus isolates, the inhibitory activity for both seaweeds extracts on the respective genes is predicted according to the function of each gene. G. changii and E. denticulatum extracts were predicted to interfere with the function of adaB gene in producing the methyltransferase enzyme which was involved in the DNA repair in S. aureus. Both extracts were also predicted to interfere with the activity of sav1017 gene in producing UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine transferase enzyme which is involved in the peptidoglycan synthesis in S. aureus since peptidoglycan is the major component in the cell wall of bacteria. However, the predicted inhibitory mechanism of both seaweeds extracts on mecA gene cannot be speculated based on the present research approach. As a conclusion, G. changii and E. denticulatum extract can be categorized as a narrow spectrum antibacterial agent against S. aureus and S. pyogenes in vitro. The effectiveness of both seaweed extracts in affecting cell wall synthesis and DNA repair gene in S. aureus has significant conotation. The finding of antibacterial activity by both extracts against MRSA and non-MRSA strains is hoped to have potential in producing alternative antibacterial agents from natural resources, against resistant S. aureus to reduce the infections and fatality.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Mashan, Nurmas Idayu
author_facet	Mashan, Nurmas Idayu
author_sort	Mashan, Nurmas Idayu
title	Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
title_short	Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
title_full	Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
title_fullStr	Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
title_full_unstemmed	Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus
title_sort	antibacterial activity of seaweed extract and its effects on the dna sequence of selected essential genes of staphylococcus aureus
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
granting_department	Medicine and Health Sciences
publishDate	2007
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7136/1/FPSK%28M%29_2008_3a.pdf
_version_	1747810660687806464

Antibacterial Activity of Seaweed Extract and its Effects on the DNA Sequence of Selected Essential Genes of Staphylococcus Aureus

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