Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques

Marine pollution due to oil spills in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia had been started since Showa Maru spilled Middle East crude oil in 1975 and has become one of more severe environmental problem for this area and the Malacca Straits. The most polluted locations chosen were Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau...

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Main Author:	Sofia Anita
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2009
Subjects:	Oil pollution of the sea - Sumatra (Indonesia) - Case studies
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7210/1/FPAS_2009_5a.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.7210
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spelling	my-upm-ir.72102013-05-27T07:34:06Z Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques 2009-04 Sofia Anita, Marine pollution due to oil spills in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia had been started since Showa Maru spilled Middle East crude oil in 1975 and has become one of more severe environmental problem for this area and the Malacca Straits. The most polluted locations chosen were Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau and Riau Archipelago. This study presents fingerprinting and data interpretation used to characterize crude oils and tar balls in the Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia and a case study in of unknown spilled oil from Dumai coast. A variety of diagnostic ratios of molecular markers (i.e. n-alkanes, hopanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAHs) were chosen to fingerprint them. The instrument used in this study was Gas Chromatography-Flame Ion Detector and Gas Chromatograph (GC) interfaced with Mass Selective Detector (MSD). Based on the objectives, the results reveal the following: (1) the origin of Minas, Duri, and Dumai crude oils is characterized by the diagnostic ratios of petroleum (i.e. unresolved complex mixtures, Pr/Ph ratio, carbon preference index (CPI), Tm/Ts ratio, the source identifiers of C29/C30 and ΣC31-C35/C30 ratio, MP/P ratio). The crudes were very likely due to the same basin, i.e., Central Sumatran Basin; (2) each tar ball has a different fingerprint and compound distribution. The tar balls found in Northeast Sumatra coasts are significantly different in the concentrations of PAHs. The ranges of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels (PAHs) vary from those low to very high petroleum contamination. Riau Archipelago coasts are found to be severe contaminated by PAHs originated from the spilled oil. The percentage of tar balls showed South East Asia Crude Oil, SEACO signature category to be 32%, Middle East Crude Oil, MECO 60%, and 8% from unknown sources (Bagan Siapi-Api and Batam tar balls). It is concluded that the sampling area in Northeast Sumatra might received spillage of waste petroleum product or used lubricating oil from multiple sources; (3) the spilled oil identified is the same as Dumai crude oil from Pertamina Refinery. The spills might be come from Pertamina Dumai refinery wash tank which took place in 2007. Oil pollution of the sea - Sumatra (Indonesia) - Case studies 2009-04 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7210/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7210/1/FPAS_2009_5a.pdf application/pdf en public phd doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Oil pollution of the sea - Sumatra (Indonesia) - Case studies Faculty Environmental Studies English
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English English
topic	Oil pollution of the sea - Sumatra (Indonesia) - Case studies
spellingShingle	Oil pollution of the sea - Sumatra (Indonesia) - Case studies Sofia Anita, Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
description	Marine pollution due to oil spills in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia had been started since Showa Maru spilled Middle East crude oil in 1975 and has become one of more severe environmental problem for this area and the Malacca Straits. The most polluted locations chosen were Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau and Riau Archipelago. This study presents fingerprinting and data interpretation used to characterize crude oils and tar balls in the Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia and a case study in of unknown spilled oil from Dumai coast. A variety of diagnostic ratios of molecular markers (i.e. n-alkanes, hopanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAHs) were chosen to fingerprint them. The instrument used in this study was Gas Chromatography-Flame Ion Detector and Gas Chromatograph (GC) interfaced with Mass Selective Detector (MSD). Based on the objectives, the results reveal the following: (1) the origin of Minas, Duri, and Dumai crude oils is characterized by the diagnostic ratios of petroleum (i.e. unresolved complex mixtures, Pr/Ph ratio, carbon preference index (CPI), Tm/Ts ratio, the source identifiers of C29/C30 and ΣC31-C35/C30 ratio, MP/P ratio). The crudes were very likely due to the same basin, i.e., Central Sumatran Basin; (2) each tar ball has a different fingerprint and compound distribution. The tar balls found in Northeast Sumatra coasts are significantly different in the concentrations of PAHs. The ranges of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels (PAHs) vary from those low to very high petroleum contamination. Riau Archipelago coasts are found to be severe contaminated by PAHs originated from the spilled oil. The percentage of tar balls showed South East Asia Crude Oil, SEACO signature category to be 32%, Middle East Crude Oil, MECO 60%, and 8% from unknown sources (Bagan Siapi-Api and Batam tar balls). It is concluded that the sampling area in Northeast Sumatra might received spillage of waste petroleum product or used lubricating oil from multiple sources; (3) the spilled oil identified is the same as Dumai crude oil from Pertamina Refinery. The spills might be come from Pertamina Dumai refinery wash tank which took place in 2007.
format	Thesis
qualification_name	Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.)
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Sofia Anita,
author_facet	Sofia Anita,
author_sort	Sofia Anita,
title	Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
title_short	Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
title_full	Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
title_fullStr	Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
title_full_unstemmed	Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques
title_sort	distribution and sources of oil pollution using tar balls as indicator in northeast sumatra, indonesia via fingerprinting techniques
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
granting_department	Faculty Environmental Studies
publishDate	2009
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/7210/1/FPAS_2009_5a.pdf
_version_	1747810674433589248

Distribution and Sources of Oil Pollution Using Tar Balls as Indicator in Northeast Sumatra, Indonesia Via Fingerprinting Techniques

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