Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo

Excessive use of petroleum and concerns on the energy security along with the uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases have made the world’s involuntarily to turn towards the utilization of environmental friendly and renewable biofuels. In this work, sulfonated carbon based solid acid catalysts wer...

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Main Author:	Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2018
Subjects:	Biodiesel fuels Fatty acids Bamboo
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/76538/1/FS%202018%2039%20-%20IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.76538
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spelling	my-upm-ir.765382020-01-30T06:34:45Z Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo 2018-03 Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi Excessive use of petroleum and concerns on the energy security along with the uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases have made the world’s involuntarily to turn towards the utilization of environmental friendly and renewable biofuels. In this work, sulfonated carbon based solid acid catalysts were synthesized using two types of biomass sources which is from the palm kernel shell and bamboo. The catalysts were studied for its physico-chemical properties and applied as catalysts to convert the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Solid acid catalysts prepared were derived from the palm kernel shell, bamboo and biochar. The sulfonated (-SO3H) group was attached on the surface of catalyst by hydrothermal process of carbon source with the chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) under 70 °C for 4 hours with stirring rate of 500 rpm. Activated palm kernel shell was used in determining the optimum acid to biomass weight ratio for the sulfonation process. The resultant catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), temperature programed desorption (TPD-NH3). Meanwhile, the acid value for PFAD and percentage reduction of FFA were calculated using standard AOCS method (Cd 3d-63). From the characterization results, it was found that the carbon based catalysts (PKS, Bamboo and Biochar) have been successfully functionalized with –SO3H group that attached on the carbon structure. Different parameter (catalyst loading, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time) was used in analyzing the performance of the prepared catalysts in assisting the esterification reaction of PFAD. The catalytic activity of PKSSO3H, Bamboo-SO3H and Biochar-SO3H demonstrated the highest conversion of PFAD to biodiesel under the following reaction condition: catalyst loading of 4 wt. %, methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 15:1, reaction temperature of 65 °C and the reaction time was 1 h. PKS-SO3H catalyst managed to produce the highest FAME yield and FFA conversion which is 95.1% and 97% respectively, meanwhile Bamboo-SO3H show the lowest FAME yield and FFA conversion which is 94.2% and 95.8% respectively. The catalysts can be reused for 4 cycles before complete deactivation of the catalytic active phase. Biodiesel fuels Fatty acids Bamboo 2018-03 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/76538/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/76538/1/FS%202018%2039%20-%20IR.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Biodiesel fuels Fatty acids Bamboo
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
topic	Biodiesel fuels Fatty acids Bamboo
spellingShingle	Biodiesel fuels Fatty acids Bamboo Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
description	Excessive use of petroleum and concerns on the energy security along with the uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases have made the world’s involuntarily to turn towards the utilization of environmental friendly and renewable biofuels. In this work, sulfonated carbon based solid acid catalysts were synthesized using two types of biomass sources which is from the palm kernel shell and bamboo. The catalysts were studied for its physico-chemical properties and applied as catalysts to convert the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Solid acid catalysts prepared were derived from the palm kernel shell, bamboo and biochar. The sulfonated (-SO3H) group was attached on the surface of catalyst by hydrothermal process of carbon source with the chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO3H) under 70 °C for 4 hours with stirring rate of 500 rpm. Activated palm kernel shell was used in determining the optimum acid to biomass weight ratio for the sulfonation process. The resultant catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), temperature programed desorption (TPD-NH3). Meanwhile, the acid value for PFAD and percentage reduction of FFA were calculated using standard AOCS method (Cd 3d-63). From the characterization results, it was found that the carbon based catalysts (PKS, Bamboo and Biochar) have been successfully functionalized with –SO3H group that attached on the carbon structure. Different parameter (catalyst loading, methanol to oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time) was used in analyzing the performance of the prepared catalysts in assisting the esterification reaction of PFAD. The catalytic activity of PKSSO3H, Bamboo-SO3H and Biochar-SO3H demonstrated the highest conversion of PFAD to biodiesel under the following reaction condition: catalyst loading of 4 wt. %, methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 15:1, reaction temperature of 65 °C and the reaction time was 1 h. PKS-SO3H catalyst managed to produce the highest FAME yield and FFA conversion which is 95.1% and 97% respectively, meanwhile Bamboo-SO3H show the lowest FAME yield and FFA conversion which is 94.2% and 95.8% respectively. The catalysts can be reused for 4 cycles before complete deactivation of the catalytic active phase.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi
author_facet	Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi
author_sort	Mohamad Saman, Ahmad Farabi
title	Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
title_short	Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
title_full	Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
title_fullStr	Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
title_full_unstemmed	Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
title_sort	fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2018
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/76538/1/FS%202018%2039%20-%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747813169101799424

Fatty acid methyl ester production from palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from palm kernel shell and bamboo

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