ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees

Ganoderma boninense is a major disease that infects oil palm trees. This problem has caught researchers’ attention all around the world, especially those from Asian countries as Ganoderma boninense is difficult to trace in its early stage. Undoubtedly, many researchers...

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Main Author:	Rahmat, Nurhamizah
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2018
Subjects:	Electrodes Ganoderma diseases of plants Ganoderma
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85240/1/ITMA%202019%2010%20-%20ir.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.85240
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spelling	my-upm-ir.852402021-12-30T04:34:20Z ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees 2018-10 Rahmat, Nurhamizah Ganoderma boninense is a major disease that infects oil palm trees. This problem has caught researchers’ attention all around the world, especially those from Asian countries as Ganoderma boninense is difficult to trace in its early stage. Undoubtedly, many researchers have lent a hand by suggesting ways to diagnose the disease through the introduction of many methods to detect symptoms related to the Ganoderma disease, including tomography, selective media, Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, these diagnostic techniques are less accurate, time-consuming and lead to cost increments. Therefore, another method to detect Ganoderma boninense at a faster, lower cost and higher accuracy was introduced which is through the use of electrochemical sensors. Initially, electrode modification was done by reducing graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Subsequently, the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) was electrodeposited on top of it using the electrodeposition method. Both modifiers were chosen as they have been acknowledged to have large surface areas to interact with analytes, and have great electroconductivity. In this study, this disposable modified SPCE was used as a sensing material in order to detect secondary metabolites acting as possible biomarkers for the Ganoderma boninense disease in healthy and infected leaves at the 14 and 30 day periods. It is because secondary metabolites are produced once oil palm trees are infected by Ganoderma boninense. The combination of physical and electrochemical characterisation of graphene oxide (GO) before and after reduction together with the deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to reveal the successful modification of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE. As a consequence, the electrochemical analysis presented a current increment in each modification higher than the bare SPCE due to electrocatalytic activity. Afterwards, the electrochemical signals from secondary metabolites were indicated from differential pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV) under optimum conditions. ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE established a good correlation coefficient (R²) of both healthy and infected oil palm after 14 days and 30 days (R² = 0.9691, R² = 0.9652, R² = 0.9905 and R² = 0.9710) with detection limits of 1.52 ppm, 1.58 ppm, 3.20 ppm and 3.02 ppm respectively. Consequently, the outstanding sensing performance of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE in the detection of secondary metabolites can be applied to control the Ganoderms boninensense disease at the earlier stage before spreading out. Electrodes Ganoderma diseases of plants Ganoderma 2018-10 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85240/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85240/1/ITMA%202019%2010%20-%20ir.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Electrodes Ganoderma diseases of plants Ganoderma Yusof, Nor Azah
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Yusof, Nor Azah
topic	Electrodes Ganoderma diseases of plants Ganoderma
spellingShingle	Electrodes Ganoderma diseases of plants Ganoderma Rahmat, Nurhamizah ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
description	Ganoderma boninense is a major disease that infects oil palm trees. This problem has caught researchers’ attention all around the world, especially those from Asian countries as Ganoderma boninense is difficult to trace in its early stage. Undoubtedly, many researchers have lent a hand by suggesting ways to diagnose the disease through the introduction of many methods to detect symptoms related to the Ganoderma disease, including tomography, selective media, Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, these diagnostic techniques are less accurate, time-consuming and lead to cost increments. Therefore, another method to detect Ganoderma boninense at a faster, lower cost and higher accuracy was introduced which is through the use of electrochemical sensors. Initially, electrode modification was done by reducing graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Subsequently, the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) was electrodeposited on top of it using the electrodeposition method. Both modifiers were chosen as they have been acknowledged to have large surface areas to interact with analytes, and have great electroconductivity. In this study, this disposable modified SPCE was used as a sensing material in order to detect secondary metabolites acting as possible biomarkers for the Ganoderma boninense disease in healthy and infected leaves at the 14 and 30 day periods. It is because secondary metabolites are produced once oil palm trees are infected by Ganoderma boninense. The combination of physical and electrochemical characterisation of graphene oxide (GO) before and after reduction together with the deposition of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to reveal the successful modification of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE. As a consequence, the electrochemical analysis presented a current increment in each modification higher than the bare SPCE due to electrocatalytic activity. Afterwards, the electrochemical signals from secondary metabolites were indicated from differential pulse voltammetry techniques (DPV) under optimum conditions. ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE established a good correlation coefficient (R²) of both healthy and infected oil palm after 14 days and 30 days (R² = 0.9691, R² = 0.9652, R² = 0.9905 and R² = 0.9710) with detection limits of 1.52 ppm, 1.58 ppm, 3.20 ppm and 3.02 ppm respectively. Consequently, the outstanding sensing performance of ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE in the detection of secondary metabolites can be applied to control the Ganoderms boninensense disease at the earlier stage before spreading out.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Rahmat, Nurhamizah
author_facet	Rahmat, Nurhamizah
author_sort	Rahmat, Nurhamizah
title	ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
title_short	ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
title_full	ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
title_fullStr	ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
title_full_unstemmed	ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
title_sort	zno-nps/rgo/spce-modified electrode for early detection of ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2018
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/85240/1/ITMA%202019%2010%20-%20ir.pdf
_version_	1747813526561357824

ZnO-NPs/rGO/SPCE-modified electrode for early detection of Ganoderma boninense in oil palm trees

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