Effect of maceration time on characteristics of acid-hydrolyzed cellulose from pineapple leaf
Recently, the utilisation of other non-wood materials as well as crop residues have attracted global attention due to their environmentally friendly and feasible properties once becomes a product. Pineapple leaf is a residue of fresh fruit for domestic used and canned pineapple i...
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Format: | Thesis |
Language: | English |
Published: |
2018
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/89561/1/IPTPH%202018%2012%20-%20IR.pdf |
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Summary: | Recently, the utilisation of other non-wood materials as well as crop residues have
attracted global attention due to their environmentally friendly and feasible properties once
becomes a product. Pineapple leaf is a residue of fresh fruit for domestic used and canned
pineapple industry. This residue was produced in large scale quantities and relatively
inexpensive source. Pineapple leaf can be utilised as a potential source of isolating
cellulose in micro and nano scale dimensions of cellulose. In order to attain such celluloses,
some pre-treatment and acid hydrolysis process was performed in controlled conditions.
The chlorinated solvents were widely consumed in certain industries to produce high purity
of cellulose, though chlorine is toxic and harmful to environment. Maceration approach was
introduced to overcome the increasing of environment concern. Hence, the aim of this
study was to isolate cellulose by introducing maceration method via hydrogen peroxide and
acetic acid at 80°C. This treatment also plays with variables of maceration duration (TF-2, TF-3,
and TF-4) to get the best results of obtained cellulose. The process for the
acid-hydrolyzed part comprising the macerated cellulose to further on acid hydrolysis process by
considered some factors such as acid concentration, temperature, hydrolysis time, and pulp-to-acid
ratio. The macerated cellulose was treated with 64 %w/w of sulfuric acid, 45 °C
temperature, 45 min and 60 min (for TF-4) of hydrolysis time, 1:30 of pulp-to-acid
ratio, and 20 minutes of sonication time. Resultant cellulose was tested for chemical
composition, morphological observation, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier
Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis, and crystallinity index. It was shown that the best
maceration treatment was TF-3 (3 hours maceration time) and followed by TF-2 and TF-4 by
considering its cellulose composition. By conducting maceration treatment, results
revealed that pineapple leaf for TF-3 has cellulose content which is 70.92%. Results also
demonstrated that mainly hemicellulose and residual lignin remains after the maceration
treatment. It was expected because maceration treatment was used. Maceration treatment also has
been found successfully decreased macerated cellulose diameter and length. Prior to acid
hydrolysis treatment, the decreasing of acid-hydrolyzed diameter was attained. The lowest
diameter for acid-hydrolyzed cellulose was 111.6 nm. By performing acid hydrolysis
treatment, the crystallinity index for acid-hydrolyzed cellulose was increased. Highest crystallinity index for acid- hydrolyzed
cellulose was 69.30% for AC-345 compared to original raw material which is 43.70%. Higher
thermal degradation was found in macerated cellulose and acid- hydrolyzed cellulose was
338°C and 337°C, respectively. In conclusion, pineapple leaf was found as potential source of
purified cellulose with some modifications needed prior to produce a product or as
reinforcement in other materials such as composites
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