Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia

Introduction: Ripening agent is a material that is used to accelerate the fruit ripening activity and calcium carbide (CaC2), a chemical ripening agent, is widely used since antiquity for seasonal fruits ripening purposes. Artificial fruits ripening become dubious in recent yea...

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Main Author:	Ismail, Noor Shaeda
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Fruit Fruit - chemistry Farmers - psychology
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90043/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%2041%20-%20IR.pdf
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id	my-upm-ir.90043
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spelling	my-upm-ir.900432021-07-29T01:56:43Z Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia 2019-05 Ismail, Noor Shaeda Introduction: Ripening agent is a material that is used to accelerate the fruit ripening activity and calcium carbide (CaC2), a chemical ripening agent, is widely used since antiquity for seasonal fruits ripening purposes. Artificial fruits ripening become dubious in recent years when various health related issues began to arise. Therefore, workplace risk assessment related to CaC2 use is crucial to protect the safety and health of workers from the hazardous impurities. Objective: The general objective of this study is to analyze the potential risks of CaC2 to occupational safety and health (CHRA). Method: This study was performed through the delegation of questionnaires and face to face survey. Pulmonary test and phosphine exposure measurement was also carried out. There were two groups involved in this study which were the exposed groups (172 respondents) and non-exposed group (172 respondents). The study location was conducted in mango farms and fruits stall that used CaC2 as a ripening agent in Perak, Kedah and Perlis. Results: The response rate for exposed respondents was 100% (n = 172). For HIRARC, there were 4 hazard categorized as high risk and medium risk and 1 hazard categorized as low risk while for CHRA analysis, the risk was found significant for those who work directly (work unit A and work unit B) and indirectly with CaC2 (work unit C). The most prevalence respiratory symptom reported for exposed respondent was phlegm (37.8%). It was found that the most contributable factor towards exposed respondent’s lung function was education level (OR = 2.545, p=0.026) while the most contributable factors towards exposed respondent’s respiratory symptoms were marital status for wheezing (OR = 3.428, p=0.002) and chest tightness (OR = 4.876, p=0.000), employment duration (OR = 3.011, p=0.004) for shortness of breath and race for cough (OR = 3.416, p=0.03) and phlegm (OR = 3.241, p=0.024). Conclusions: It is essential to determine the CaC2 exposure towards farmers and fruits trader in order to improve the existing handling of CaC2 and to recover the current method towards a safer approach in order to enhance farmer’s quality of life. Fruit Fruit - chemistry Farmers - psychology 2019-05 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90043/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90043/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%2041%20-%20IR.pdf text en public doctoral Universiti Putra Malaysia Fruit Fruit - chemistry Farmers - psychology Rasdi, Irniza
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Rasdi, Irniza
topic	Fruit Fruit - chemistry Farmers - psychology
spellingShingle	Fruit Fruit - chemistry Farmers - psychology Ismail, Noor Shaeda Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
description	Introduction: Ripening agent is a material that is used to accelerate the fruit ripening activity and calcium carbide (CaC2), a chemical ripening agent, is widely used since antiquity for seasonal fruits ripening purposes. Artificial fruits ripening become dubious in recent years when various health related issues began to arise. Therefore, workplace risk assessment related to CaC2 use is crucial to protect the safety and health of workers from the hazardous impurities. Objective: The general objective of this study is to analyze the potential risks of CaC2 to occupational safety and health (CHRA). Method: This study was performed through the delegation of questionnaires and face to face survey. Pulmonary test and phosphine exposure measurement was also carried out. There were two groups involved in this study which were the exposed groups (172 respondents) and non-exposed group (172 respondents). The study location was conducted in mango farms and fruits stall that used CaC2 as a ripening agent in Perak, Kedah and Perlis. Results: The response rate for exposed respondents was 100% (n = 172). For HIRARC, there were 4 hazard categorized as high risk and medium risk and 1 hazard categorized as low risk while for CHRA analysis, the risk was found significant for those who work directly (work unit A and work unit B) and indirectly with CaC2 (work unit C). The most prevalence respiratory symptom reported for exposed respondent was phlegm (37.8%). It was found that the most contributable factor towards exposed respondent’s lung function was education level (OR = 2.545, p=0.026) while the most contributable factors towards exposed respondent’s respiratory symptoms were marital status for wheezing (OR = 3.428, p=0.002) and chest tightness (OR = 4.876, p=0.000), employment duration (OR = 3.011, p=0.004) for shortness of breath and race for cough (OR = 3.416, p=0.03) and phlegm (OR = 3.241, p=0.024). Conclusions: It is essential to determine the CaC2 exposure towards farmers and fruits trader in order to improve the existing handling of CaC2 and to recover the current method towards a safer approach in order to enhance farmer’s quality of life.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Doctorate
author	Ismail, Noor Shaeda
author_facet	Ismail, Noor Shaeda
author_sort	Ismail, Noor Shaeda
title	Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
title_short	Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
title_full	Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
title_fullStr	Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia
title_sort	risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the northern region of malaysia
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2019
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90043/1/FPSK%28p%29%202019%2041%20-%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747813604050075648

Risk assessment of calcium carbide use in fruit ripening among farmers, farm workers and fruit traders in the Northern Region of Malaysia

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