Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper

The abundance of biomass generated from oil palm industry can be utilized by producing value added products such as high durability paper. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pulp and paper properties after beating and adding microcrystalline ce...

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Main Author:	Ismail, Faris Syahiran
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English
Published:	2019
Subjects:	Oil-palm - Fruits Cellulose Oil-palm - Planting
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90567/1/IPTPH%202020%201%20IR.pdf
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spelling	my-upm-ir.905672021-08-17T00:13:43Z Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper 2019-11 Ismail, Faris Syahiran The abundance of biomass generated from oil palm industry can be utilized by producing value added products such as high durability paper. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pulp and paper properties after beating and adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) during the papermaking process. The pulps were produced using Kraft pulping condition with the incorporation of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% of MCC during papermaking process. The pulps were also beaten at 500 and 1,000 revs of beating level. TAPPI Standard Method was used for the papermaking. Pulp characterization involved pulp freeness, pulp viscosity, pulp drainage and morphological observation. Paper testing included physical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. Chemical composition of EFB fibre showed an amount of 43.66% and 25.74% of alpha cellulose and of lignin respectively which were suitable for pulping process. The removal of lignin about 82.71% and increase in percentage of alpha cellulose after the pulping process indicated that the pulps can be used to produce high strength paper. Increased fibrillation caused by beating resulted in lower freeness value of 1,000 beaten pulps compared to other samples. Micrograph observations of the paper showed that the paper became more flatten with the introduction of beating and consequently, decreased the thickness of paper. Smoothness of the paper increased with higher beating revolution and higher concentration of MCC, but porosity worsened. The result indicated that addition of MCC into the beaten and unbeaten pulps resulted in positive effect to the mechanical strength of the paper. Tensile index and tear index of unbeaten pulps showed increment by 71.4% and 24.5%, respectively with the addition of 9% MCC concentration, while 6% MCC to 500 revolutions beaten pulps increased freeness value, tear strength, burst strength, folding endurance and brightness by 1.15%, 39.07%, 18.54%, 0.06% and 4.74%, respectively. Optical properties of the paper showed that unbeaten pulp decreased with the addition of MCC in terms of brightness, whereas the brightness of the beaten pulps increased with increasing concentration of MCC. Thermal analysis showed that MP0a (EPB pulp) had the highest thermal degradation compared to other samples. Addition of MCC resulted in negative effect to thermal stability as it decreased the thermal stability of the unbeaten and beaten pulps. In conclusion, the study discovered that the less than 6% of MCC improved the properties of the 500 revolutions beaten pulps in terms of mechanical strength, while overdose of MCC addition and high beating revolution of EFB fibres degraded all major properties of the paper. Oil-palm - Fruits Cellulose Oil-palm - Planting 2019-11 Thesis http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90567/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90567/1/IPTPH%202020%201%20IR.pdf text en public masters Universiti Putra Malaysia Oil-palm - Fruits Cellulose Oil-palm - Planting Jawaid, Mohammad
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
collection	PSAS Institutional Repository
language	English
advisor	Jawaid, Mohammad
topic	Oil-palm - Fruits Cellulose Oil-palm - Planting
spellingShingle	Oil-palm - Fruits Cellulose Oil-palm - Planting Ismail, Faris Syahiran Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
description	The abundance of biomass generated from oil palm industry can be utilized by producing value added products such as high durability paper. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) pulp and paper properties after beating and adding microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) during the papermaking process. The pulps were produced using Kraft pulping condition with the incorporation of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% of MCC during papermaking process. The pulps were also beaten at 500 and 1,000 revs of beating level. TAPPI Standard Method was used for the papermaking. Pulp characterization involved pulp freeness, pulp viscosity, pulp drainage and morphological observation. Paper testing included physical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. Chemical composition of EFB fibre showed an amount of 43.66% and 25.74% of alpha cellulose and of lignin respectively which were suitable for pulping process. The removal of lignin about 82.71% and increase in percentage of alpha cellulose after the pulping process indicated that the pulps can be used to produce high strength paper. Increased fibrillation caused by beating resulted in lower freeness value of 1,000 beaten pulps compared to other samples. Micrograph observations of the paper showed that the paper became more flatten with the introduction of beating and consequently, decreased the thickness of paper. Smoothness of the paper increased with higher beating revolution and higher concentration of MCC, but porosity worsened. The result indicated that addition of MCC into the beaten and unbeaten pulps resulted in positive effect to the mechanical strength of the paper. Tensile index and tear index of unbeaten pulps showed increment by 71.4% and 24.5%, respectively with the addition of 9% MCC concentration, while 6% MCC to 500 revolutions beaten pulps increased freeness value, tear strength, burst strength, folding endurance and brightness by 1.15%, 39.07%, 18.54%, 0.06% and 4.74%, respectively. Optical properties of the paper showed that unbeaten pulp decreased with the addition of MCC in terms of brightness, whereas the brightness of the beaten pulps increased with increasing concentration of MCC. Thermal analysis showed that MP0a (EPB pulp) had the highest thermal degradation compared to other samples. Addition of MCC resulted in negative effect to thermal stability as it decreased the thermal stability of the unbeaten and beaten pulps. In conclusion, the study discovered that the less than 6% of MCC improved the properties of the 500 revolutions beaten pulps in terms of mechanical strength, while overdose of MCC addition and high beating revolution of EFB fibres degraded all major properties of the paper.
format	Thesis
qualification_level	Master's degree
author	Ismail, Faris Syahiran
author_facet	Ismail, Faris Syahiran
author_sort	Ismail, Faris Syahiran
title	Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
title_short	Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
title_full	Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
title_fullStr	Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
title_full_unstemmed	Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
title_sort	characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper
granting_institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
publishDate	2019
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90567/1/IPTPH%202020%201%20IR.pdf
_version_	1747813636273864704

Characterization of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres- microcrystalline cellulose for potential high mechanical strength paper

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