Development of vitamin e-enriched nanoemulsion for wound healing
Wound problem is a global health care issue that can burden the individuals and countries. Vitamin E is a potent natural antioxidant and tocopherols are the common form to be used in skin-care products. However, studies found that the antioxidant potency of tocotrienols is 60 tim...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/90846/1/IB%202020%2027%20-%20IR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Wound problem is a global health care issue that can burden the individuals and countries. Vitamin
E is a potent natural antioxidant and tocopherols are the common form to be used in skin-care
products. However, studies found that the antioxidant potency of tocotrienols is 60
times than tocopherols which believe can benefit for the wound problems. Red palm oil
(RPO) rich in vitamin E (70-80% tocotrienols; 20-10% tocopherols) and carotenoids, is a
favourable choice to be used as a natural source of tocotrienols. In our work, a tocotrienol-rich
oil-in-water-nanoemulsion (NE) formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM)
and formulated using high- pressure homogenizer. Effect of the concentration of three
independent variables [surfactant (5-15 wt%), co-solvent (10-30 wt%) and homogenization pressure
(500-700 bar)] toward two response variables (droplet size, polydispersity index) was
studied using central composite design (CCD) coupled to RSM. RSM analysis showed that the
experimental data could be fitted into a second-order polynomial model and the
coefficients of multiple determination (R²) is 0.9115. The optimized formulation of NE consisted
of 6.09 wt% mixed surfactant [Tween 80/Span 80 (63:37, wt)], 20 wt% glycerol as a
co-solvent via homogenization pressure (500 bar). The optimized NE response values for
droplet size and polydispersity index were 119.49nm and 0.286, respectively. The actual values
of the formulated nanoemulsion were in good agreement with the predicted values obtained from RSM,
thus the optimized compositions have the potential to be used as a nanoemulsion for cosmetic
formulations.
Characteristics and stability studies were evaluated for 6 months at three different
temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 40°C), which included drop let size, polydispersity index, viscosity,
antioxidant activity, active contents (carotenoids and vitamin E) and colour. It was found that
optimized nanoemulsion has fewer changes over the time. No significant difference (P>0.05) was
found in terms of droplet size, polydispersity index, viscosity, antioxidant activity and active
contents at 4°C storage condition over the time. These
findings indicate that optimized nanoemulsion was more stable than the nanoemulsions without co-solvent (glycerol) and emulsions without co-solvent and surfactant (Tween
80 and Span 80).
Keratinocytes migration and zebrafish tail regeneration experiments were used to evaluate
the wound healing effect of NE. MTT assay provided a concentration range of 0.35-8.75 μg/ml of
nanoemulsion that produced cell viability more than 100%. The wound closure of
keratinocytes treated with 3.50 μg/ml and 1.75 μg/ml of NE was significantly faster
than the blank (35.56%); they increased to 73.76% and 67.37%, respectively, after 24 hours
of treatment. The lethal concentration at 50% (LC50 value) obtained from acute and prolonged
toxicity was almost similar, which was 4.6 mg/ml and 5.0 mg/ml, respectively. Growth of zebrafish
tail regeneration treated with NE at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml was significantly faster than the
untreated zebrafish, which regenerated to 40% on the fifth day, more than 60% on the tenth day of
treatment and fully recovered at the 20ᵗʰ day.
In conclusion, these results indicate that tocotrienols-rich nanoemulsion formulated was stable
and showed potential in enhancing wound healing through accelerated wound
closure. |
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